§ XIV. List of Defective and Irregular Verbs.

353 Roots are distinguished by capitals; poetical words by an asterisk.

Α.

ΑΑ-, “I damage or stultify,” ἄασα, contr. ἆσα, ἀάσθην, ἀασάμην, of which the 3 sing. ἄσατι is used in an active sense, as is also the 3 sing. pres. middle ἀᾶται. Both a's may be made long or short according to the exigencies of the metre.

̓Αγαίομαι* and ἄγαμαι, “I admire,” ἀγάσομαι, ἠγάσθην and ἠγασάμην.

Αγείρω, “I collect,” another form of ἐγείρω, 3 pl. 2 aor. mid. ἀγέροντο, 3 pl. plup. pass. ἀγηγέρατο, lengthened forms ἠγερέθονται, ἠγερέθεσθαι, aor. part. ἀγρόμενος, all with passive significations.

Αγνοέω, “I am ignorant,” epic ἀγνοιέω*, fut. ἀγνοήσομαι, according to the grammarians (see Thom. Μ. 7), but ἀγνοήσω in Demosth. (885, 1; 1266, 19), who uses ἀγνοήσομαι as passive (310, 7), 2 sing. aor. iterat. ἀγνώσασκε (above, 331, 1, 1, (a)).

"Αγ-νυμι, “ I break,” root FAN- (cf. ῥήγνυμι), fut. ἄξω, aor. ἔαξα, ἐάγην, 2 perf. ἔαγα with pass. signification. Instead of κατάξαις, 2 sing. 1 aor. opt. act. we have καυάξαις = και Fάξαις. "Αγω, “ I lead,” 2 aor. ἤγαγον, perf. ἦχα and ἀγήοχα.

'Acidw, “I sing," contr. adw, imperf. ňedov, contr. ÿdov, fut. ᾄσομαι.

'Acípw, "I raise," contr. alpw: see aipéw.

"Anui, "I blow," takes no augment and retains then in the dual and plural, and in the derived tenses, e. g. dual ǎntov, inf. άîvai, pass. pres. part. ȧnuevos, imperf. åŋto, but in the 3 pl. pr. act. delo (with irregular accent), part. deís. In Homer we have an aorist ἄεσα.

Αἰδέομαι, “I reverence,” fut. αἰδέσομαι, epic αἰδήσομαι, aor. ᾐδεσάμην, ᾐδέσθην. There are epic by-forms αἴδομαι, imp.

αἴδετο.

Αἰνέω, “ I praise,” fut. αἰνέσω or αἰνέσομαι, perf. pass. ᾔνημαι, 1 aor. pass. véonv. Hesiod, Op. et D. 683, has the Æolic by-form αἴνημι.

Aivvμai, “I take," exists only in the pres. and imperf., and the latter has no augment.

Aipéw, "I take," aipńow, 1 aor. pass. ýpéðŋv, 2 aor. act. (from root 'EA-) eiλov. In the middle, aipoîμaι signifies "I choose," i. e. take for myself. Distinguish this from alpw, "I raise," for delpw, 1 aor. act. äeɩpa, 3 sing. subj. dépoŋ, 1 aor. mid. ¿páμŋv for ȧeɩpáμŋv, infin. 1 aor. act. åpaɩ, mid. ǎpaolai, plup. pass. äwpto.

Αἰσθάνομαι, “ I perceive,” fut. αἰσθήσομαι, 2 aor. ᾐσθόμην. 'Atw, "I hear," only in the pres. and imperf., the latter unaugmented. The Ionic prose writers have the compound errato with the irregular 3 per. pl. 1 aor. èπýïoav.

'AK-, "I point," axaxuévos*, "pointed."

'Axaxis, "I humble or afflict," from 'AX-, aor. κaɣov, fut. ἀκακήσω, 1 aor. ἠκάχησα, perf. pass. ἀκάχημαι, ἀκακήμενος οι ȧknxéμevos, with irregular accent.

Ακέομαι “ I heal, fut. ἀκέσομαι, 1 aor. ᾐκέσθην, with pass. signification.

Ακούω, “ I hear,” fut. ἀκούσομαι, 1 aor. ἤκουσα, perf. act. ἀκήκοα, perf. pass. ἤκουσμαι.

'Aλáoμai, "I wander," perf. with pres. signification àλáλŋμai*. Αλάομαι, ̓Αλδήσκω, “ I nourish,” from ΑΛΔΕ, ΑΛΔ-, fut. ήσω.

̓Αλείφω, “I anoint, perf. ἀλήλιφα, perf. pass. ἀλήλιμμαι, later ἤλειμμαι, 1 aor. pass. ἠλείφθην, rarer form ἠλίφην.

̓Αλέξω*, “I ward off,” fut. ἀλεξήσω and ἀλέξομαι, 1 aor. mid. aλéçaolai, from AAEK-, AAK-, probably strengthened by 0-; comp. αὔξω.

̓Αλέομαι, “ Ι avoid,” also ἀλεύομαι, 1 aor. ἠλευάμην, inf. ἀλέασθαι and ἀλεύασθαι. Another form in Homer is ἀλεείνω.

̓Αλέω, “I grind,” later ἀλήθω, fut. ἀλέσω, Attic αλώ, perf. pass. ἀλήλεσμαι.

Αλ-ίσκομαι, “ I am taken,” fut. ἁλώσομαι, 2 aor. ἥλων οι ἑάλων, “I was taken,” infin. ἁλῶναι, part. ἁλούς, perf. ἑάλωκα, ἥλωκα, from 'ΑΛΟ-; comp. ἀμβλίσκω.

̓Αλιταίνω*, “I offend,” fut. ἀλιτήσω, 2 aor. ἤλιτον, part. perf. pass. ἀλιτήμενος, with deponent signification.

Αλλομαι, “I leap,” fut. ἁλοῦμαι, 1 aor. ἡλάμην, ἄλασθαι. Hence in Homer ἄλσο, ἆλτο, ἄλμενος for ἥλασο, ἥλατο, ἁλάμενος. ̓Αλφαίνω*, “ I find, acquire,” 2 aor. ἦλφον.

Αμαρτάνω, “ Ι err,” fut. ἁμαρτήσομαι, perf. ἡμάρτηκα, pass. ἡμάρτημαι (as if there were also a form AMAPTE-), 2 aor. ἥμαρ τον (in Homer ήμβροτον); the fut. ἁμαρτήσω is Ionic.

̓Αμβλίσκω, “ I make an abortion,” fut. ἀμβλώσω, &c., 2 aor. ἤμβλων.

̓Αμπλακίσκω*, “I fail, miss,” 2 aor. ἤμπλακον, inf. ἀμπλακεῖν, fut. ἐμπλακήσω.

̓Αναίνομαι, “ I deny or refuse,” only pres. and imperf. and the aor. ἀνηνάμην, inf. ἀνήνασθαι.

̓Αναλίσκω, ἀναλόω, " I take up and consume,” fut. ἀναλώσω, aor. ἀνάλωσα, perf. act. ἀνάλωκα, perf. pass. ἀνάλωμαι, 1 aor. pass. ἀναλώθην. Comp. ἁλίσκομαι, which contains the same root, although the quantity of the first syllable differs.

Obs. As the second a in this verb is already long, it receives no augment in the old Attic writers, though avýλwoa appears to have been said in the language of common life.

'Avdáva, "I please," from FAA- with double nasal, imperf. ἥνδανον, ἑάνδανον and ἑήνδανον*, 2 aor. άδον, perf. αδα, fut. ἁδήσω. Ανηνοθεν *, “ it stands up,” as if derived from the root 'ΑΝΘin ἄνθος.

̓Ανοίγω and ἀνοίγνυμι, “ I open,” fut. ἀνοίξω, 1 aor. ἀνέφξα, perf. act. ἀνέῳχα, perf. pass. ἀνέφγμαι, 2 perf. ἀνέργα; less frequently ἤνοιξα, &c.

̓Ανώγω, ἀνωγέω, “I order,” imperf. ἄνωγον, fut. ἀνώξω, 1 aor. ἤνωξα, a secondary verb from an old perf. ἄνωγα*, with a present meaning, pluperf. ἠνώγειν, Ionic ἠνώγεα, imperat. ἄνωχθι and ἄνωγε.

Το Γεγώνω, γεγωνέω, " I speak aloud,” from the old perf. γέγωνα*, ἥκω from είκα, &c.

̓Απαφίσκω*, “I deceive,” 2 aor. ἤπαφον, inf. ἀπαφεῖν, subj. ἀπάφω, &c. The other tenses from ἀπατάω.

̓Απεχθάνομαι, “I am hated,” fut. ἀπεχθήσομαι, perf. ἀπήχθη μαι, 2 aor. ἀπηχθόμην.

Απούρας*, “ having separated,” and ἀπουράμενος*, " being deprived," in a passive sense, 1 aor. part. from OTP-=ATP-=FAP-, which is also found in ἐπ-αυρίσκομαι, “ I derive advantage from, fut. ἐπ-αυρ-ήσομαι, aor. ἔπηυρον. Comp. also εὑρίσκω.

We have from the same root the imperf. ἀπηύρων, 1 aor. ἀπηύρα*, part. ἀπηύρας, 1 aor. mid. ἀπηυράμην.

Αράομαι, “ Ι pray,” is regular, except the 2 aor. pass. inf. ἀρήμεναι* Hom. Od. XXII. 322).

̓Αρέσκω, from 'ΑΡ-, “I please,” fut. ἀρέσω, aor. ἤρεσα, aor. pass. ἠρέσθην.

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From the same root in the sense, “I annex” or “ adapt” (fut. ἄρσω), 1 aor. ἦρσα*, perf. pass. ἀρήρεμαι,.1 aor. pass. ἤρθην, 2 perf. ἤρηρα, Ionic ἤραρα, Doric ἄραρα, mostly intrans. " to fit, to be fast," 2 aor. ἤραρον. Homer has the participle αραρυία. From ἄρηρα came ἀράρω and ἀραρίσκω.

Also in the sense, “ I render favourable,” fut. ἀρέσω, ἀρέσομαι, aor. ἤρεσα, mid. ἀρέσασθαι.

Αριστάω, “ I breakfast,” in colloquial Attic had ἠρίσταμεν and ἠριστάναι as 1 pl. and inf. perf. (Athen. x. p. 423).

*Αρνυμαι*, “ I gain,” has only the pres. and imp.

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̓Αρόω, “ I plough,” fut. ἀρόσω, perf. pass. ἀρήρομαι.

Αρπάζω, “ I snatch,” has ἁρπάμενος* in the later poets. Αὐξάνω, ἀέξω*, αὔξω, “ I increase,” fut. αὐξήσω, 1 aor. ηὔξησα,

perf. pass. ηὔξημαι, aor. pass. ηὐξήθην.

Αϋτέω*, “ I cry out,” fut. αύσω, aor. ἤΰσα.

Αφάσσω*, " I touch, 1 aor. ἤφασα.

Αχθομαι, “I am angry,” fut. ἀχθέσομαι and ἀχθεσθήσομαι, 1 aor. ἠχθέσθην.

*Αω*, "I satisfy,” inf. ἄμεναι, contr. for ἀέμεναι, fut. ἄσω, aor. άσα. We have ᾶται (Hesiod, Scut. 101), for which it is proposed to read ὦται, " he satisfies himself.”

Β.

Βαίνω, “I go,” from BA-, with affix vi and metathesis, fut. βήσομαι, perf. βέβηκα, pl. βέβαμεν, βέβατε, βεβᾶσι, subj. βεβῶ, inf. βεβάναι, part. βεβώς, -ώσα, 2 aor. ἔβην, imperat. βηθι, in com

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pounds βά, as κατάβα, intrans. ; fut. βήσω, 1 aor. ἔβησα, transit. The Ionic subjunctive is βέω. In Homer we find βείομαι, “ I shall 20. From the fut. βήσομαι comes an epic imperf. ἐβησόμην. From the same root we have βιβάω, βῆμι, βίβημι.

Some compounds have a perfect and aorist passive; as παραβε βάσθαι, παραβαθείς.

Βάλλω, “I cast, fut. βαλώ, and in the Attic poets sometimes βαλλήσω, 2 aor. ἔβαλον, 2 aor. mid. ἐβαλόμην, perf. βέβληκα, &c. Epic forms are, 3 dual 2 aor. act. βλήτην, inf. βλημέναι, &c., as from ΒΙΒΛΗΜΙ.

Βιβρώσκω, ΒΟΡ-, ΒΡΟ-, βρώμι, “I eat” (fut. βρώσομαι), perf. βέβρωκα, part. βεβρώς, pass. βέβρωμαι, paulo-post fut. βεβρώ σομαι, 1 aor. ἐβρώθην, 1 fut. βρωθήσομαι, 2 aor. ἔβρων. Another form, βεβρώθω, occurs in Homer.

Βιόω, “I live,” fut. βιώσομαι, 1 aor. ἐβίωσα, 2 aor. ἐβίων, as from βίωμι, whence βίωθι, βιῴην, βιῶναι, βιούς. We have also βιόμεσθα, "we shall live," in Hom. Hymn. Ap. 528, where Wolf reads βεόμεσθα.

Βλαστάνω, “I bud,” fut. βλαστήσω, 2 aor. ἔβλαστον, perf. βεβλάστηκα and ἐβλάστηκα, pluperf. ἐβεβλαστήκειν.

Βοάω, “ I shout,” fut. βοήσομαι, Ionic βώσομαι, 1 aor. ἐβίησα, ἔβωσα, 1 aor. pass. ἐβώσθην, perf. βέβωμαι.

Βίσκω, “ I feed,” fut. βοσκήσω.

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Βούλομαι, “ I am desirous,” fut. βουλήσομαι, perf. pass. βεβούλημαι, 1 aor. ἐβουλήθην, ἠβουλήθην, poetic 2 perf. βέβουλα, as in προβέβουλα*.

Βραχεῖν*, ἔβραχεν, " it made a sudden noise” (clashed, shrieked, reared, rattled, &c.).

ΒΡΟΧ*, “to swallow up,” in the forms ἀναβρόξειεν, καταβρόξειεν and ἀναβροχέν, part. 2 aor. pass.

Βρύχω*, “I bite or gnash with the teeth, perf. part. βεβρυχώς (Π. XIII. 393), also βέβρυχεν (Ι. XVII. 264), ἐβεβρύχει (Od. XII. 242) of the noise of the sea.

Βυνέω, “ I stop up,” βύσω, ἔβυσα, ἐβύσθην, βέβυσμαι.

Γ.

Γαμέω, “I marry',” from ΓΑΜ- or AM-, " together," Attic fut. γαμώ, mid. γαμουμαι, 1 aor. ἔγημα (in the New Testament ἐγάμησα), perf. γεγάμηκα ; 1 aor. ἐγαμήθην is found in late writers.

1 Active, to marry a wife (uxorem ducere); middle, to marry a husband (nubere).