following have a guttural characteristic: κράζω, στενάζω, οἰμώζω, ἀλαλάζω, στάζω, στίζω, στηρίζω, μαστίζω, σφύζω, ἀλαπάζω; the following have γγ: σαλπίζω, κλάζω ; and the following vacillate between s and γ: παίζω, ἁρπάζω, βαστάζω, νυστάζω. § VI. The Vowel of Connexion. 301 In almost all cases the crude or uninflected form of the verb contains, besides the root, a vowel of connexion, which is the vehicle of the person-endings. (1) Indicative Mood. In verbs of class A, the vowel of connexion is represented only by a lengthening of the root-vowel, but there is reason to believe that these verbs were originally connected with the person-ending by an intervening ä or e, so that ἵστημι represents ἱστααμι (ἱσταεμι), τίθημι represents τιθεαμι τιθεεμι), δίδωμι represents διδοαμι (διδοεμι), and δείκνυμι represents δεικνύαμι (δεικνύεμι). In obedience to a law of euphony, which is known as the influence of the weight of the person-endings, this connecting vowel is retained only in the singular of the active voice. Thus, while we have ἵστημι, ἵστης, ἵστησι, we have ἵστατον, ἵστάμεν, ἵσταμαι, ἱστάμεθα, &c. In verbs of class B, (a), the vowel of connexion is dropt in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which connect the person-endings immediately with the root, according to the following rules: (α) If the verb character is t or v, this is followed unaltered by the person-endings; as (6) If the verb character is a mute, it is liable to be affected by contact with the person-endings, according to the rules given above (86, &c.). Thus we have γέγραμμαι, πέπλεγμαι, πέπεισμαι for γέγραφ-μαι, πέπλεκ-μαι, πέπειθ-μαι γέγραψαι, πέπλεξαι, πέπεισαι for γέγραφ-σαι, πέπλεκεσαι, πέπειθ σαι γέγραπται, λέλεκται, πέπεισαι for γέγραφεται, λέλεγεται, πέπειθ ται And the participial ending -μévos is affixed to the root in the same way as the first personal ending in all three numbers, as γεγραμμένος for γεγραφ-μένος, where the accentuation of the penultima shows that the vowel of connexion has been dropt. When yy or μμ would, according to rule, appear before μ in these cases, the middle γ or a is elided; thus we have ἐλήλεγμαι for ἐλέλεγγμαι, ἐλέλεγχμαι, κέκαμμαι for κέκαμμμαι, κέκαμπμαι. The middle - is elided (according to rule 86) in τέτυφθε for τέτυφσθε, and πέπεισθε is written for πέπειθ-σθε. In the same way we form ἔσπεισμαι, ἔσπεισθε from σπένδω, on the analogy of the fut. σπείσω; cf. πάσχω = πένθ-σκω, fut. πείσομαι. In the plural v is turned into a in the endings -νται, -ντο (above, 107); thus we have τετύφαται, ἐφθάραται, κεχωρίδατο, τετάχαται, τετράφατο, where also the aspirate, which is the representative of the tense in the active form, is restored to its proper place in connexion with the labial or guttural of the characteristic. For the other tenses the following rules apply: (a) In the pres., imperf., fut., 2 aor. act. and mid., the vowel of connexion is o, when the suffix is or begins with μ or v, and e in all other cases; thus we have τύπτεις (for τύπτεσι), ἔτυπτες, ἐτύπο τομεν, ἐτύπτετε, ἔτυπτον, (3) In the perf. and 1 aor. act. the connecting vowel is a for all persons, except the 3 sing., when it is e; thus we have ἔτυψα, τέτυφας, ἔτυψε, τετύφαμεν. In the 1 aor. mid. a is the vowel of connexion throughout; thus we have ἐτυψάμην, ἐτύψω = ἐτύψαο, ἐτύψατο. (c) In the plup. act. the original ea, ee appear as et; thus we have ἐτετύφεα, έτετύφειν, ἐτετύφεε, ἐτετύφει. In verbs of class B, (b), the vowel of connexion, as included in the contractions, is the same as that in class B, (a). But the perf. and plup. pass. append the person-endings to the long vowel which appears before ra in the perf. act., and before θην in the 1 aor. pass. Thus we have (2) Imperative Mood. The imperative mood observes the same rules for the vowel of connexion as the indicative, except that (α) in the 2 sing. of the 1 aor. act. we have -σον for -σαθι, as λῦσον, λυσάτω, cf. σήμερον for σημέραθι οι σημέραι (above, 262, Obs. 2); (6) in the 2 sing. of the 1 aor. middle we have -σαι for -σασο, as λῦσαι, λυσάσθω ; (c) in the 2 sing. perf. pass. we have the termination -σo of the pluperfect, and in the other tenses the forms of the secondary instead of the primary tense; thus we have τύπτομαι, τύπτει, τίθεμαι, τίθεσαι; but in the imperative, τύπτου like ἐτύπτου, and τίθεσο like ἐτίθεσο. (3) Subjunctive Mood. In the subjunctive mood we have a where the indicative has o or ov, and η where the indicative has e; thus for The vowel ι, which distinguishes this mood, is regularly appended to the o or a in the corresponding tense of the indicative, the combination of or at being retained throughout the persons; thus we have indic. λύω, λύεις, λύει, λύομεν, λύουσι; ἔλυσα, ἔλυσας, ἔλυσαν. opt. λύοιμι, λύοις, λύοι, λύοιμεν, λύοιεν ; λύσαιμι, λύσαις, λύσαιεν. Obs. 1 For the 1 aor. opt. act. in -σαιμι, -σαις, -σαι, the best Attic writers generally, and Thucydides almost exclusively, used the so-called Holic form in -σεια, -σειας, -σεις, -σειαν; as τύψεια, τύψειας, τύψειε, τύψειαν. Obs. 2 Verbs of the classes A, 3, Β, (b), the perfect of verbs of the class B, (a), 1, 2, 3, and the future of verbs of the class B, (a), 4, with some other instances, as the aorist σxoínv from exw, prefer an optative in -οιην to one in -οιμι; thus we have διδοίην, φιλοίην, τιμψην, πεφευγοίην, ἐροίην. The infexions are And the participial ending -μévos is affixed to the root in the same way as the first personal ending in all three numbers, as γεγραμμένος for γεγραφ-μένος, where the accentuation of the penultima shows that the vowel of connexion has been dropt. When yy or μμ would, according to rule, appear before μ in these cases, the middle y or a is elided; thus we have ἐλήλεγμαι for ἐλέλεγγμαι, ἐλέλεγχμαι, κέκαμμαι for κέκαμμμαι, κέκαμπμαι. The middle o is elided (according to rule 86) in τέτυφθε for τέτυφσθε, and πέπεισθε is written for πέπειθ-σθε. In the same way we form ἔσπεισμαι, ἔσπεισθε from σπένδω, on the analogy of the fut. σπείσω; cf. πάσχω = πένθ-σκω, fut. πείσομαι. In the plural v is turned into a in the endings -νται, -ντο (above, 107); thus we have τετύφαται, ἐφθάραται, κεχωρίδατο, τετάχαται, τετράφατο, where also the aspirate, which is the representative of the tense in the active form, is restored to its proper place in connexion with the labial or guttural of the characteristic. For the other tenses the following rules apply: ע (α) In the pres., imperf., fut., 2 aor. act. and mid., the vowel of connexion is o, when the suffix is or begins with μ or v, and e in all other cases; thus we have τύπτεις (for τύπτεσι), ἔτυπτες, ἐτύπο τομεν, ἐτύπτετε, ἔτυπτον, (6) In the perf. and 1 aor. act. the connecting vowel is a for all persons, except the 3 sing., when it is e; thus we have ἔτυψα, τέτυφας, ἔτυψε, τετύφαμεν. In the 1 aor. mid. a is the vowel of connexion throughout; thus we have ἐτυψάμην, ἐτύψω = ἐτύψαο, ἐτύψατο. (c) In the plup. act. the original ea, ee appear as et; thus we have ἐτετύφεα, έτετύφειν, ἐτετύφεε, ἐτετύφει. In verbs of class B, (b), the vowel of connexion, as included in the contractions, is the same as that in class B, (a). But the perf. and plup. pass. append the person-endings to the long vowel which appears before -ra in the perf. act., and before -θην in the 1 aor. Thus we have pass. (2) Imperative Mood. The imperative mood observes the same rules for the vowel of connexion as the indicative, except that (α) in the 2 sing. of the 1 aor. act. we have -σον for -σαθι, as λῦσον, λυσάτω, cf. σήμερον for σημέραθι οι σημέραι (above, 262, Obs. 2); (6) in the 2 sing. of the 1 aor. middle we have -σαι for -σασο, as λῦσαι, λυσάσθω ; (c) in the 2 sing. perf. pass. we have the termination -σo of the pluperfect, and in the other tenses the forms of the secondary instead of the primary tense; thus we have τύπτομαι, τύπτει, τίθεμαι, τίθεσαι; but in the imperative, τύπτου like ἐτύπτου, and τίθεσο like ἐτίθεσο. (3) Subjunctive Mood. In the subjunctive mood we have a where the indicative has o or ou, and n where the indicative has e; thus for η The vowel, which distinguishes this mood, is regularly appended to the o or a in the corresponding tense of the indicative, the combination or or at being retained throughout the persons; thus we have indic. λύω, λύεις, λύει, λύομεν, λύουσι; ἔλυσα, ἔλυσας, ἔλυσαν. opt. λύοιμι, λύοις, λύοι, λύοιμεν, λύοιεν ; λύσαιμι, λύσαις, λύσαιεν. Obs. 1 For the 1 aor. opt. act. in -σαιμι, -σαις, -σαι, the best Attic writers generally, and Thucydides almost exclusively, used the so-called Holic form in -σεια, -σειας, -σεις, -σειαν; as τύψεια, τύψειας, τύψειε, τύψειαν. Obs. 2 Verbs of the classes A, 3, Β, (b), the perfect of verbs of the class B, (a), 1, 2, 3, and the future of verbs of the class B, (a), 4, with some other instances, as the aorist oxoíny from exw, prefer an optative in -οιην to one in -οιμι ; thus we have διδοίην, φιλοίην, τιμώην, πεφευγοίην, ἐροίην. The infexions are |