EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

Reduce

1. 3 cd. 7 cd. ft. to cubic feet.

2. 7856 cd. ft. to cords.

3. 16 ed. 14 cu. ft. to cubic feet.

4. 19876 cu. ft. to cords.

Ans. 496 cu. ft.

Ans. 982 cd.

Ans. 2062 cu. ft.

Ans. 155 cd. 36 cu. ft.

5. In 78 cords of wood how many cubic inches?

Ans. 17252352.

6. In 5876543 cubic inches how many cords of wood? Ans. 26 cd. 72 cu. ft. 1343 cu. in.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

280. Measures of Capacity are volumes used to determine the quantity of fluids and many dry substances. 281. Measures of capacity are therefore of two kinds; Measures of Liquids and Measures of Dry Substances. 282. Liquid Measures are of two kinds,-Liquid or Wine Measure and Apothecaries' Fluid Measure.

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE.

283. Liquid or Wine Measure is used for measuring all kinds of liquids.

I. NAME. It is called Wine Measure because wine was measured by it, while beer was measured by another measure.

II. TERMS.-Gill is from Low Latin gilla, a drinking-glass; pint is from the Anglo-Saxon pyndan, to shut in, to pen, or from the Greek pinto, to drink; quart is from the Latin quartus, a fourth. The derivation of gallon. is not clear; in the French, a galon is a grocer's box.

III. UNIT.-The standard writ of wine measure is the gallon, which contains 231 cubic inches, and will hold a little more than 8 lb. Av. cf distilled water. This is called the Winchester gallon, from the standard having been formerly kept at Winchester, England.

IV. Barrels and hogsheads are of variable capacity. The table values are used in estimating the capacity of wells, cisterns, vats, etc. In Massachusetts, the barrel is estimated at 32 gallons. A pint of water weighs

nearly one pound, hence the old adage, "A pint's a pound, the word around."

V. Ale, beer, and milk, were formerly sold by a gallon of 282 cu. in., the subdivisions being quarts and pints. The measure was greater than wine measure, as beer was less costly than wine. This measure is now seldom used.

APOTHECARIES' FLUID MEASURE.

284. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure is used for measaring liquids in preparing medical prescriptions.

I. TERMS.-Minim is from the Latin minimus, the least, the minim being the smallest fluid measure used. Several of the other terms are formed by prefixing fluid to the terms of Apothecaries' Weight.

II. SYMBOLS.-Cong. is the abbreviation of congius, the Latin for gallor. O. is the initial of octarius, the Latin for one-eighth, the pint being onʊ eighth of a gallon. Drops are indicated in a physician's prescription by gtt., for the Latin gutto.

III. In estimating the quantity of fluids, 45 drops equal about a fluidrachm; a common teaspoon holds about one fluidrachm; a common tablespoon, about a fluidounce; a wineglass about 11⁄2 fluidounces; a common teacup about 4 fluidounces. The minim is equivalent to a drop of water, but the drops of different fluids vary in size according to the tenacity of the liquid.

DRY MEASURE.

285. Dry Measure is used in measuring dry substances, such as grain, fruit, salt, coal, etc.

I. TERMS.-Peck is supposed to be a corruption of pack, or to be derived from the French picotin, a peck.

II. UNIT.-The unit of dry measure is the Winchester bushel, formerly used in England, and named from the place where the standard was preserved. Its form is a cylinder, 18 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep. Its volume is 2150.42 cu. in., and it contains 77.627413 lb. Av. of distilled water. The New York bushel is nearly identical with the imperial bushel of Great Britain, containing 2218.192.cu. in.

III. The Chaldron, consisting in some places of 36 bu. and in others of 82 bu., is used in some parts of the United States for measuring coal, but s being discontinued here, as it has been in England Que-half of a peck,

or 4 quarts, is called a dry gallon.

IV. The Cental of 100 lb. is a standard recently recommended by the Boards of Trade in New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, and other large cities, for estimating grain, seeds, etc.

286. The Weight of a Bushel of the principal kinds of

grain and seeds has been fixed by statute in many of the States, as shown by the following

10. At 10 cents a peck, how many bushels of apples can be bought for 12 dollars?

EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE.

How many

1. Pints in 16 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of wine? 2. Gallons in 7635 gills of vinegar?

Ans. 135 pt.

Ans. 238 gal. 2 qt. 3 gi. 3. Minimis in 5 Cong. 30. 12 f3.5 fz? Ans. 336300 m.

4. Cong. in 724475 m?

Ans. 11 Cong. 6 O. 5 f3. 2 fz. 35 m. 5. Pints in 26 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt. of berries?

Ans. 1727 pt.

6. Bushels in 37891 pints of clover seed? Ans. 59234 bu. 7. What cost 5 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. of vinegar at 3 cents a pint ? Ans. $1.41.

8. What cost 217 bu. 3 pk. 5 qt. of canary seed at 18 cents a quart? Ans. $1307.43.

CIRCULAR MEASURE.

287. Circular Measure is used to measure angles and directions, latitude and longitude, difference of time, etc.

288. A Circle is a plane figure bounded by a curved line, every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the centre.

289. The Circumference of a circle

B

is the bounding line; any part of the circumference, as BC, An arc of one-fourth of the circumference is called

is an arc.

a quadrant.

290. For the purpose of measuring angles, the circumference is divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees; each degree into 60 equal parts, called minutes; each minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds.

291. Any angle having its vertex at the centre, is measured by the arc included between its sides; thus, the angle COB is measured by the arc BC. A right angle is measured by 90 degrees, or a quadrant; half a right angle, by 45 degrees; etc

I. TERMS.-The term minute is from the Latin minutum, which signifies a small part. The term second is an abbreviated expression for second minutes, or minutes of the second order. Signs are used in astronomy as a measure of the zodiac.

II. UNIT.-The unit is the degree, which is 3 of the circumference of a circle. A quadrant is one-fourth of a circumference, or 90°. A minute of the earth's circumference is called a geographic mile.

III. DIVISIONS.-The divisions of the circumference are not of absolute ength; they are merely equal parts, used to indicate the size of angles. Thus, a quadrant, whether the circle is large or small, measures a righ angle

6. If Venus, at a certain time, is 44° 27' 30" east of Mercury, how many seconds are they apart?

292. Time is a portion of duration. The measures of time are fixed by the revolution of the earth on its axis and around the sun.

I. TERMS.-Second and minute are parts of an hour, corresponding to the parts of a degree in Circular Measure. Hour is derived from the Latin hora, originally a definite space of time fixed by natural laws; a day, derived from the Saxon daeg, is the time of the revolution of the earth upon its axis; a week is a period of uncertain origin, but which has been used from time immemorial in Eastern countries; a month, from Saxon monadh, from mona, the moon, is the time of one revolution of the moon around the earth; a year, from the Saxon gear, is the time of the earth's revolution around the sun; a century comes fror the Latin centuria, a collection of a hundred things.

II. UNIT. The unit of time is the day; it is determined by the revolution of the earth on its axis. The Sidereal Day is the exact time of the revolution of the earth on its axis. The Solar Day is the time of the apparent revolution of the sun around the earth. The Astronomica Day