(ciris); Scylla, daughter of Phorcys, was transformed into the monster described in the text, "her white loins girt with barking monsters," which occupied the rocks opposite Charybdis in the Sicilian strait.

For

an ancient representation, see Fig. 26. — quam, object of secuta est, and subject of vexasse. See § 270, note.

Fig. 26.

76. Dulichias rates, the ships of Ulysses, from which Scylla snatched six of the crew. Dulichium is a little island near Ithaca.

78. mutatos artus, the transformation of Tereus, changed to a hoopoe, while his wife Progne was changed to a swallow, and her sister Philomela (whom he had betrayed) to a nightingale (Ovid, Met. vi. 412). — ut, here the construction changes to the indirect question, which is retained in various forms through v. 81. - Terei, see § 347, c; G. 721; H. 608, iii.

79. dapes, the banquet, i.e. the flesh of his child Itys which was served to Tereus; dona, the head and hands which were shown him after he had feasted on the flesh. - pararit (§ 334; G. 469; H. 529, i.).

80. ante, first. — quibus alis, with what wings she flew wretched above her own dwelling: the habit of the swallow rather than the night. ingale; though the song of the latter, “most musical, most melancholy," seems to have suggested the notion of the mother's grief.

81. tecta, see § 228, a; G. 330; H. 386, 3.

82. omnia, in fact every thing. The position of the word makes it refer with emphasis to what precedes.

83. Eurotas, the river of Sparta, blest in hearing the song of Apollo which he sang to Hyacinthus on its banks. —laurus, accusative plural, obj. of iussit and subj. of ediscere (§ 271, b, compare chap. iii., iv., note; G. 546, R.; H. 535, ii.).

84. ille, opposed to Apollo, he, as well.

86. iussit: the subject is Vesper, who bids gather the sheep and recount their number. For mood see § 328; G. 573; H. 519, ii. — invito, reluctant to end the strain. - Olympo, ablative of separation, taken as meaning the mountain (§ 258, a; G. 388; H. 414, N.').

ECLOGUE VII.

1. arguta, shrill rustling: referring as usual to the high pitch of a

sound.

3. ovis, acc. plural. - distentas lacte, i.e. towards evening.

4. aetatibus, see § 75, 3, c; H. 130, 2. For case see § 253; G. 398; H. 424.-Arcades (compare x. 32): Arcadia, at a distance from the sea in central Peloponnesus, long retained the rustic and old-world simplicity, of which pastoral song is the natural expression; hence its inhabitants here give their name to pastoral singers.

5. pares, parati: well-matched in singing (cantare = cantando, § 273, d; G. 424, R.4; H. 533, N.2), and ready in response (respondere = ad respondendum, § 273, b; H. 533, ii. 6). Improvisation is a muchprized gift in Italy still.

6. mihi, dat. of reference, § 235, a; G. 343; H. 384, N.o - dum defendo: the tender myrtle had to be protected, in Italy, from the late frosts of spring. - defendo, present (§ 276, e; G. 573; 220, R.1; H. 467, 4). 7. vir gregis, the father of the flock. — deerraverat: observe the contraction of the two vowels. · atque, and lo! This word always adds

something with more emphasis than et (§ 156, a).

8. contra, in turn. ocius, instantly, see § 93, a; G. 312; H. 444, I. 9. ades, be at hand, i.e. come.

their safety. tibi (§ 235).

--

caper... haedi, i.e. I have seen to

10. si quid ... potes, if you can linger awhile. — quid, see § 240, a; G. 331, 2; H. 378, 2.

- potes, see § 306; H. 508, 2.

11. ipsi, of themselves.

-

- potum, supine of a lost verb of which poto is the frequentative, and potus the participle (§ 302; G. 436; H. 546). – iuvenci, i.e. our cattle (so that we shall not have to look for them).

12. praetexit, fringes.

13. examina (ex-agmen), i.e. the young swarms.

14. quid facerem, what was I to do? See § 268; G. 258. — neque ... tamen, i.e. though I had no milkmaid (like my neighbors) to attend to things at home, yet I could not miss this noble rivalry.

15. depulsos, etc., the regular expression for weaned.

see § 317; G. 632; H. 497, i.

clauderet,

16. et, and on the other hand (connecting the two arguments for staying and going).— Corydon, etc., a loose but not uncommon sort of apposition with certamen.

17. posthabui, I put off my serious cares for their sport. — ludo (§ 228; G. 346; H. 384, 4).

19. alternos volebant, the Muses [that inspired them] chose to rehearse alternate strains. (For remarks on this style of responsive versification, see notes on Ecl. iii.)—meminisse, see § 143, c, note; G. 228, R.; H. 297, 2.

20. referebat, brought out; contributed.

21. Libethrides, Libethra was the name of a fountain in Helicon, the seat of the Muses. — aut... aut, see § 156, c; G. 495; H. 587, ii. 2. 22. Codro, sc. concessisti. The name of a shepherd poet, but who is meant, if any actual person, is unknown.

23. versibus, governed by proxima (carmina). For scanning see $359, f; G. 715; H. 608, v.

24. pendebit, etc., my whispering pipe shall hang on the sacred pine, as a sign that I abandon the vocation of song, according to a custom of the ancients, by which the instrument of an abandoned vocation was made a votive offering. Cf. Hor. Od. 1, 5, 13; iii. 26. The pine-into which the nymph Pitys was transformed - was sacred to Pan. - pinu, see § 258, a; G. 388; H. 414, N.' Compare introduction to notes. Notice how the prosody shows that arguta agrees with fistula, and sacra with pinu.

25. crescentem poetam, your poet now growing great. In this and the following verses (especially "vati futuro") observe the " arrogance and spleen of Thyrsis contrasted with the modesty of Corydon." He not only desires to rival Codrus, but claims already to excel him. hedera: the ivy was sacred to Bacchus, and so connected with lyric poetry.

26. Arcades: the epithet is here meaningless, but a conventional one. – invidia rumpantur, burst with jealousy (§ 317; G. 632; H. 497, ii.). - Codro, see § 235, a; G. 343.

27. ultra placitum, beyond what the gods approve. Extravagant praise or boasting was thought to incur the jealous resentment of the gods, — a feeling very strong in pagan antiquity. Hence the charm (baccare)

against the "evil tongue."— laudarit, future condition (§ 307, c and d; H. referred to 508). The subject is Codrus, and his praise would, no doubt, be intended to injure.

28. noceat, see § 317; G. 632; H. 497, ii.

29. caput, sc. dat. The verb is very often omitted in votive inscriptions. - Delia, Diana, the goddess of the chase. (See Class. Dict.)

30. Micon, a young hunter. — vivacis, long lived, or rather tenacious of life.

31. proprium, his constant fortune. — hoc, his luck in hunting, as indicated by the game mentioned. — fuerit, see § 307, c.-lēvi de marmore, of polished marble. — tota, at full length, not a mere bust.

32. evincta, etc., thy ankles laced with purple buskin: a common representation of Diana. (See Fig. 27.) (Compare Æn. i. 337.)

33. sinum, a bowl, deeper than the poculum. — Priāpe: Priapus was a god of gardens, whose rude wooden image, emblematic of fertility, was set in gardens, half god and half scarecrow. (Comp. Hor. Sat. i. 8.) This strain of Thyrsis is, therefore, in a manner a travesty of the preceding, the extravagance of a marble and gold image of Priapus (offered to insult the promises of Micon), contrasted with the homely gifts of cakes and milk. The ingredients of the cake were flour, cheese, and an egg.

35. pro tempore, according to my present means.

36. suppleverit, i.e. if my flock is prosperous, so as to increase my means.

37. Hyblae, see note, Ecl. i. 55.—

Fig. 27.

Nerine, daughter of Nereus: the name (Galatea) and the compliments are taken from Polyphemus in Theocr. xi.

40. Corydonis, see § 217; G. 361; H. 396, ii.

41. immo, nay, in answer to some supposed complaint of the maid. The word always contradicts what precedes, oftentimes, however, to add a still stronger statement. See derivation in Dict. Sardoniis herbis, a sort of crowfoot of Sardinia, intensely bitter, which twisted the faces of those

who tasted it into the “Sardonic laugh." By this odd imprecation Thyrsis seeks to express a more violent longing for his love, in whose absence the day is "longer than a whole year."

44. si quis pudor: the beasts ought to be ashamed of feeding with such an appetite, while their keeper is impatient for the evening.

45. muscosi, mossy, i.e. among cool and moss-grown rocks. 46. arbutus, the arbute, or "strawberry-tree," affords a berry used as food by the poor: its leaves are scanty, and its shadow thin (rara).

47. solstitium, midsummer heat (midwinter is bruma).— pecori, dative of reference (§ 229, c; G. 344, R.2; H. 384, 4). — iam venit, is just coming; iam is continuous, and refers to the present as following the past, and so with the present tense (věnit) expresses the beginning of an action.

48. gemmae: the buds upon the vine-branch show the beauty as well as the heat of summer; here again Corydon is the truer poet.

50. postes the picture of the well-blackened door-posts of the poor hut, which was the earliest style of habitation, corresponds to the later atrium (ater), or main hall of the Roman house (see Ecl. i. 83, note). Thyrsis matches the preceding midsummer picture by a suggestion of winter.

etc.

51. tantum: we heed no more the wintry blast than the wolf cares, numerum, the number of the flock, the usual rendering, seems forced as well as insipid. Why not music? Compare Theocr. ix. 20, from which this is freely imitated. — ripas, the swift, cold streams that flow from the Alps are liable to violent freshets, which make a frequent image in Virgil.

53-60. Here is described the double sympathy of Nature in the presence and the absence of the loved one. For scanning see §§ 359, ƒ and e; G. 714, R.1

sua, see § 196, c;

54. strata: under every tree its fruit lies strown. G. 295, R.'; H. 449, 3. — quãque, compare note to ii. 65.

quaeque.

G.

55. abeat, see § 307, b; G. 598; H. 509.

Munro reads

57. vitio aeris, compare Æn. iii. 239, “corrupto caeli tractu," (§ 245; 407; H. 416).

58. Liber: Bacchus himself grudges to yield the shade of vines to the hillsides. Liber was an old Italian god of fertility, identified in later time, without any special cause, with the Grecian Bacchus, god of wine, inspiration, and dramatic poetry.— collibus (§ 225, c; G. 345; H. 384, ii.).

60. Iuppiter: the primitive name of this deity (Dyaus = Zɛvç) signified the clear vault of the sky; and his traditionary function continued to