through the well-ventilated roof. These smoking roofs announce that supper-time has come. - iam fumant, are beginning to smoke. iam with the present and imperfect constantly has this force.

84. maiores, i.e. lengthened by the declining sun.

cadunt, merely

a vivid way of saying, lie on the plain. Virgil seems, in accordance with his gentle nature and feeble constitution, to have been particularly fond of quiet scenes, and especially evening scenes. See the endings of Ecls. ii., vi., x., and Æn. iv. 522, et seq.

THE third Idyl of Theocritus, from which the general style and sentiment of this eclogue are imitated, is the complaint of a shepherd to his love Amaryllis; the eleventh is addressed by the monster Polyphemus to the sea-nymph Galatea, and seems to be the model for Corydon's defence of his personal appearance.

1. formosum: notice the position at the beginning, corresponding with that of Alexim at the close of the line. This is a very common arrangement in Latin verse (see note i. 1). — ardebat, burned with love for, = amabat, and so governing the accusative by a forced construction, apparently first introduced by Virgil. Similar to this are very many poetical constructions, where words are used for others of kindred meaning and so borrow their constructions as well. Alexim: the form of the acc. in m

=

seems to be always used by Virgil, except when n is required by the metre.

2. delicias, darling (only in plur.). ).—nec habebat, nor knew: cf. dare, tell (i. 19), and accipe, hear. — quid speraret, what to hope for : the direct question is, quid sperem, what can I hope? (§§ 268, 334, 6 ; G. 251, 258.)

3. tantum, only (i.e. all that he could do). — cacumina, in explanatory appos. with fagos: showing what he came for, shelter from heat.

4. veniebat, would come. - incondita, rude (ill put together). There are in do both verb-roots DA and DHA, give and put; here, put.

5. iactabat, flung out. — inani studio, idle (as unrequited) fondness. 7. nostri, see §§ 99, c, and 221, a; H. 406, i. — mori ... coges: in Theocritus, "you will make me go hang myself."

8, 9. nunc etiam, etc.: these images, especially the hiding of the lizards in the thornbush, suggest the extreme heat of noontide. Compare Tennyson's Ænone, 24-27.

10. rapido aestu, the reapers, weary with the consuming heat: rapido (root in rapio), from the association of heat with devouring flame. aestu, originally, the ebullition of hot water; compare aedes, originally fireplace, aillo, burn, etc.; hence used of ocean tides.

11. allia, etc.: making a sort of salad (moretum) flavored with garlic, a favorite dish in Southern Europe, where flesh is scarce. "It was composed of flour, cheese, salt, oil, and various herbs (herbas olentis) brayed together in a mortar."

12, 13. at... cicadis: the lover and the katydid (cicada) are the only creatures that find no rest. — arbusta, see i. 40. In prose, the subject would naturally be cicadae; hence mecum, i.e. they and I.

14. fuit = fuisset (§ 311, c, cf. 308, c; G. 246, R.).— tristis (acc. plur.), ill-tempered.—iras, cf. iii. 81. Amaryllis and Menalcas are old flames of Corydon.

16. niger, swarthy, or dark-skinned: notice that the succeeding lines are in apology for this style of beauty, contrasted with candidus, fair, or brilliantly white. esses. This word follows the sequence of tenses, though it expresses a general truth (§ 287, d). For mood see § 266, c; H. 515, iii.

18. ligustra, privet; vaccinia, uncertain; perhaps (from a Greek diminutive), hyacinth: the blossom of pure white falls neglected, while the darker flower (or berry) is prized and gathered. (Vaccinia is sometimes

understood as a shrub similar to the whortleberry.)

19. despectus, looked down on. — tibi, for case see § 232, a; H. 388, 1. — qui sim, what sort of person I am : qui being here used as adjective, and not (as in i. 19) for mere euphony.

20. quam dives, etc.: this description of rustic wealth is from the

plea of Polyphemus, in Theocritus: pecoris referring to sheep, and lactis to cows (for the genitive see § 218, c; G. 373, 4; H. 399, iii.).

21. meae agnae, ewe lambs of mine. — Siculis, loosely used because many wealthy Romans had estates in Sicily; and hence, perhaps, taken as part of the stock imagery from Theocritus. — errant, cf. i. 9.

22. aestate, frigore, the times when fresh milk is most apt to fail. The lac novum is a curious recommendation of his love; but it accords with the conventional simplicity of pastoral verse.

23. quae solitus Amphion, etc.: what Amphion used (to sing). He was the mythic builder of Thebes, whose walls rose to the music of his lyre. He with his brother Zethus-sons of Zeus and Antiope —were exposed on the mountain ridge Aracynthus, which separates Boeotia from Attica (Acte), and brought up by rustics. Dirce is a fountain near Thebes. These epithets and allusions are affected imitations of authors in whom they meant something. The hiatus after Actæo is probably copied literally from the Greek. — si quando whenever (literally, if ever, cf. § 316, footnotes).

=

25. nec sum adeo informis: see preliminary note. — adeo, so very. 26. placidum ventis: the ancients seem to have supposed that certain winds calmed the sea, — perhaps by ceasing to blow (see Æn. v. 763). The sea-beach might possibly afford a mirror for the giant Cyclops in the original, but hardly for the shepherd Corydon here. — staret (§ 325; G. 586; H. 521, ii. 2). — Daphnim, the mythic paragon of bucolic poetry (see Ecl. v.). —ego: the Latin likes to represent two persons in contrast: so here ego is expressed to set off Daphnim, but is not itself emphatic.

27. iudice te, simply, in your judgment.—si (like si quidem), since.

28. tantum, only ('tis all I ask). — libeat (root LUBH, as in love), (hortat. subj., § 266; H. 483) that it might please you. — sordida, rude, homely.

29. humilis, lowly, modest.—figere, bring down (pierce with the spear).

30. hibisco, to the marsh-mallow for their grazing. [The dative in poetry often denotes the end of motion (§ 225, b; H. 380, 3): perhaps a relic of an earlier locative form.] This interpretation seems the better one, but it is possible to take the word as ablative, cf. x. 71.

31. canendo, in song.

32, 33. calamós, see note, Ecl. i. 2. These lines are doubtful, and are exceedingly awkward here. They are probably a parallel passage written in the margin, which has crept into the text.

34. nec paeniteat, and be not loath; cf. Tib. i. 4, 47.— trivisse

(§ 288, e; G. 275; H. 537,2)), i.e. by running it up and down along the scale of reeds. The whole idea is "come and learn of me to play the pipe: others have valued this and why not you?"-labellum (dim.), pretty lip. 35. faciebat, offered to do (would have done). § 277, c; H.469, I. 36. disparibus, see note, Ecl. i. 2.-cicutis, cf. calamo, v. 34, and avena, i. 2.

37. dono, see § 233; G. 350; H. 390.

secundum, i.e. it has in you a second master as good as

40. nec, and . . not (with tuta).

41. capreoli, fawns (of the roebuck), § 164, a; H. 321, 2. etiam nunc: the spots are said to disappear at the age of six months. They are the more precious, from being found in a dangerous valley (nec tuta). The roebuck is the smallest European deer. A spotted fawn often appears as a pet on Greek vases.

42. bina (§ 95; H. 174, 2) die, i.e. they are so vigorous as to take the milk of two ewes every day.

43. orat abducere (see note on ardebat, v. 1), has begged (§ 276, a; G. 221; H. 467, 2) to get them (§ 273, c; H. 535, iv.).

44. faciet, she shall do it.—sordent tibi, are mean in your eyes (dat. of reference, § 235).—lilia, etc., a poetic way of offering these tributes, representing them as coming from the divinities.

FIG. 7.

46. calathis, wicker baskets, as in Figs. 7 and 8.

47. pallentis, i.e. yellow: the plant is said to be the wall-flower. (For the description of these plants, see Index.) -casia, abl. of means. -intexens has vaccinia as object.

51. ipse ego, while the nymphs bring flowers, I will gather fruits. cana mala, i.e. quinces.

53. cerea pruna, yellow plums, sweeter than the purple (observe

FIG. 8.

the hiatus which is sometimes allowed at the main cæsura, § 359, e). — quoque, following as usual the word to which it belongs, as etiam

regularly precedes. - pomo, fruit, including all except grapes, figs, and olives.

54. proxima: the myrtle and laurel are constantly associated:

"Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more

Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere." - Lycidas.

55. quoniam, explaining proxima.

56. rusticus, a clown, no mate for the city-bred Alexis. The unhappy lover answers his own offer.

57. Iollas, the master of Alexis, representing Pollio in the poem. — concedat, i.e. he could give more valuable presents, if you should enter that contest (§ 307, b; G. 598; H. 509).

...

58. quid volui mihi, what woe have I voluntarily brought on myself (in allowing myself to be beguiled by love). — floribus apros (a proverbial manner of speech), I have let — ah! wretch (perditus) — the scorching south-wind in upon my flowers, and the wild swine to my pure water-springs.

60. quem fugis, i.e. is it a rustic you flee; or, why should you be afraid of a rustic?

61. Paris: he was a shepherd on Mt. Ida when the famous dispute of the goddesses was referred to him. — Pallas, etc., let Pallas (the goddess of wisdom and skill) cherish the city towers she has built, other gods have loved the woods as well.

65. trahit sua quemque, etc., each one's fancy draws him. Notice that quisque in Latin is always in the predicate or in the relative clause, and regularly follows the reflexive, as here; in English the corresponding distributive is in the subject or antecedent clause, as in the translation above. O, observe the hiatus, § 359, e.

66. iugo suspensa, hung from the yoke, so as not to cut the ground as the oxen are driven home at night; i.e. night brings rest to all but me. 67. duplicat: in the summer months, it is said that the shadow

is double the length of the object between four and five o'clock.

68. me tamen urit, yet I am still consumed, i.e. though all else is cooled by the approach of evening. It is well here as often to change the voice to keep the emphasis. adsit, dubitative subj., § 268; referred

by H. to 485.

70. semiputata (root PU, purify, whence purus, putus, puto, clean, then clear up, then reckon, think), frondosa: the half-pruned vine and the elm overgrown with leaves are both signs of thriftless husbandry. Notice the interlocked order of the words semiputata. . frondosa, vitis. . ulmo, by which both adjectives come first, but still retain the same order as their nouns.