367. quondam (quom-dam, like dative of reference (§ 235, a; G. 343, 2;

quidam), at times. — victis, H. 384, 4, N.2).

368. crudelis luctus, cruel anguish. By a not uncommon figure the cruelty is transferred from the author or cause to the effect.

369. plurima, singular, as in “many à.” —mortis imago, form of death.

371. socia agmina, that we were a friendly band

372. ultro, first, i.e. without being spoken to.

373. sera segnities, tardy sloth, or the alliteration may be imitated, sluggish sloth.

374. rapiunt, ferunt, plunder, and bear away (the spoil of) burning Troy.

375. primum, first (§ 151, d; G. 324, R.1).

376. neque fida satis, not very trustworthy, i.e. dubious, suspicious. 377. sensit delapsus = se esse delapsum, a Greek construction (§ 272, b; G. 527, R.3). The force of delapsus is "fallen without knowing it."

378. retro repressit, checked: strictly, tautological, but such repetition for emphasis is common in all languages.

380. nitens, treading. — refugit. Notice that this verb is transitive in Latin. The perfect is used to express the moment when the man has just recoiled in his fear.

382. abibat, was about to flee.

383. circumfundimur: here in the middle sense, apparently, with the usual meaning of "rush around or attack on several sides," as in Æn. iii. 634; Livy, xxii. 14; Cæs. B. G. vi. 36; (§ III, N.'; G. 209; H. 465). Still the small number of the Trojans compared with that of the Greeks makes this meaning somewhat forced. — armis: probably dative, as in v. 409 (§ 228). The whole would then be: we dash upon their solid ranks.

384. passim, i.e. in all parts of the scene of battle.

385. primo labori, this first effort.

386. successu animisque, the spirit of success (§ 245; G. 406; H. 416).

388. dextra: we should expect dextram, but it is made more lively by agreeing with the subject.

389. insignia, equipments: helmets, shields, etc., by which their wearers may be distinguished.

390. dolus, etc., supply sit in a double question (§ 211, d; G. 460; H. 353, 2). — in hoste in dealing with an enemy (lit., in case of an enemy, a very common meaning of in).

=

391. ipsi (emph.), etc., themselves shall give us weapons.

392. clipei insigne decorum

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the handsome blazonry of his shield.

393. induitur, see note to collecta, i. 320.

394. ipse Dymas, Dymas too.

396. haud numine nostro, with no favoring divinities, i.e. the plan was destined to be fatal, as the sequel showed (§ 248; G. 401; H. 419). This is, on the whole, the best meaning of this disputed passage. It is possible however that Virgil had also in his mind the idea that being under the Greek ensign, as it were, they were not under their own divinities, for it is a privilege of poetry to mean two things at once; in other words, what in a jest would be a pun is in serious language a poetic suggestion. Compare invitis divis, v. 102. 40%

398. Orco, to Orcus. This is, properly, the god of Death, as Dis is that of the Lower World; but they are often confounded.

401. scandunt equum, compare vi. 489, ix. 152.

402. heu nihil, etc., alas, it is right for no man.— invitis divis (dat.), to trust in reluctant deities. Throughout this book, the gods are constantly represented as carrying forward their purpose in the ruin of Troy.

...

403. trahebatur . . . crinibus, came dragged with disordered hair, i.e. by Ajax Oileus (cf. i. 41), who dragged with her the statue of Pallas to which she clung. He was afterwards tried by the Grecian chiefs for the crime of sacrilege.

404. templo: Æneas has now reached the citadel. Compare v. 410. 406. lumina, her eyes, I say. arcebant, pinioned (lit., withheld

from being raised).

407. non tulit, could not bear (as we say). — speciem, the sight. 408. periturus (§ 293, b; G. 279; H. 549, 3).

409. densis armis, into the thick of the fight (dative, cf. v. 383). 410. primum, our first disaster (cf. v. 285). — delubri, i.e. the tem

ple of Minerva, where apparently the whole scene takes place.

411. miserrima, most pitiful, because struck down by their fellowcitizens.

412. facie, ablative of cause.

413. tum, a new element in their peril. - gemitu = dolore, the sign put for the thing. It is opposed to their feeling of wrath (ira).— ereptae virginis ira, rage at the rescue of the maid (§ 292, a; G. 667, R.2; H. 549, N.2).

414. acerrimus Aiax, see note, v. 403.

416. adversi, face to face (pred.). quondam, see note, v. 367. — rupto, bursting forth. Compare Georg. iii. 428.

417. confligunt, the fitful blasts of a veering storm are often conceived as a conflict of the different winds. Compare the storm, i. 81. — laetus equis, rejoicing in his steeds, which he is represented as driving like a warrior to battle; a frequent and very old metaphor.

420. si quos fudimus

== all whom we have routed.

421. insidiis, by the trick of exchange of armor.

422. primi: because the others had only fought for the booty, as between allied bands, thinking them to be Greeks (§ 191; G. 324, R.; H. 443,N.').—mentita tela, the lying (not counterfeited) weapons (§ 125, a; H. 231, 2).

423. ora... signant, they mark our tongues, discordant in tone: their speech betrays them, the Trojans speaking a different dialect from the Greeks, though probably not a different language. There is nothing to indicate that they were not akin.

Fig. 67.

424. ilicet (ire licet), instantly, lit. you may go (all is over): the phrase used by the crier in dismissing court, and by priests at the end of a sacred office, especially at funerals.

428. dis aliter visum, the gods judged otherwise, i.e. as inferred from his fate, for, though innocent, he suffered death like the guilty.

430. infula: a broad woollen band worn by priests and others engaged in sacred offices (see Fig. 67); even this badge of sanctity was no defence, cf. Il. i. 28; Bry. 36.

431. Iliaci cineres, I appeal to you, ashes of Troy. flamma extrema, i.e. the blazing city is regarded as their funeral pile.

433. vitavisse (sc. me). —vices Danaum, chances of war with the

Greeks.

- manu, i.e. mea, by my deeds, regarding such a death as the reward of valor. On this line compare St. Beuve, Nouv. Corresp. p. 356

et seq.

434. caderem (§ 331, a; G. 546; H. 498, i.).

436. Ulixi (genitive, § 43, a; G. 72; H. 68), given by Ulysses.

437. protinus, (farther) on. - vocati, agreeing with the subject of divellimur, summoned.

438. hic vero, compare tum vero, v. 105 and note. - pugnam, obj. of cernimus. ceu... forent, as if there were no fighting elsewhere (§ 312; G. 604; H. 513, ii.). Compared with this the others were not fights at all.

441. acta testudine, the regular way of assault on a fortified place: compare Cæsar, B. G. ii. 6. There are two distinct attacks, one to scale the walls and one to burst in the gates. Such an attack is represented in Fig. 68. - ruentis refers to the scaling party, testudine to the other. The defence to the former is in v. 445, etc., to the latter in v. 449; compare v. 479 et seq.

442. haerent, cling, by hooks (crows) at the end: scaling-ladders were really an invention of later time. - parietibus (§ 227, e; G. 243; H. 385, 4).-postis sub ipsos, close at the very gateway, instead of being repulsed from afar.- an advantage they have gained.

443. gradibus, steps or rounds of the ladders (abl. of means). 444. protecti, shielding themselves; fastigia, battlements, or (more accurately) the projecting top of the wall.

445. tota culmina, whole masses of roof.

446. his telis, with these as missiles.. quando, and therefore there was no use in sparing the house.

448. decora alta, etc., those high adornments of our fathers. 449. alii, opposed to those in v. 445. the fight at the battlements.

imas

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below, in contrast to

450. obsedere fores, i.e. the defenders stand so as to block the great doors which open inward. See § 228, a.

451. instaurati animi, our courage is refreshed (at the sight of this resistance). succurrere, depending on the idea of admonition or suggestion in instaurati, etc. (§ 331, g; G. 424, R.4; H. 535, ii.).

Fig. 69.

453. pervius usus tectorum= usitata via per tecta, a well-worn passage: a rear way, by which Æneas goes up. - inter se, i.e. connecting

them with each other.

gate.

454. postes a tergo, a postern

455. infelix, unhappy in her widowhood. -manebant, notice the tense. See § 276, e, N.; G. 571.

457. soceros, i.e. Priam and Hecuba. trahebat, used to lead by the hand, as he followed with unequal steps.

458. evado, I pass up and out. 460. turrim, obj. of convellimus.-in praecipiti, i.e. at the very edge of the wall. - summis tectis, from the top of the roof. We may imagine it raised from the wall, and flush with the front, as in the machicolated tower of a palace at Florence. (See Fig. 69.)

463. adgressi ferro, i.e. with crowbars and other tools of iron. In this and the following verses, to v. 467, the spondees and dactyls may well represent, first, the slow effort, then the sudden toppling over and swift fall of the turret.

summa tabulata,