462. rerum, for trials, objective genitive (§ 217; G. 361, 2; H. 396, iii.).— tangunt, i.e. with sympathy.

463. solve metus: as if fear contracted or congealed the heart. aliquam salutem, some [degree of] safety. — fama, this renown of Troy.

466. uti, how, introducing the indir. question. The scenes are generally taken from the Iliad, Books xii., xix., x., vi., xxii., xxiv., v.; those representing Troilus, Memnon, and Penthesilea, are from the "Cyclic poets."

467. hac, see Il. xiv. 14; Bry. 17.

468. hac, another scene, Il. xv. 7; Bry. 8. — cristatus, see Il. viii. 160; Bry. 199.

Fig. 53.

469. Rhesi, see Il. x. 474; Bry. 560.- niveis velis, an anachronism; Homer's " tents are simply board huts thatched with straw.

471. vastabat, imperfect, describing the scene shown by the picture. 472. avertit, perfect of narrative: the fact is simply told historically.

473. gustassent, subj. as showing the motive (§ 327; G. 579; H. 520, ii.). The city, said the oracle, could not be taken if these horses should taste food on the plain of Troy. Hence they were seized by Ulysses and Diomed on the night of their arrival (Il. x. 434; Bry. 515 et seq.). 475. fertur, haeret: the present tense describes the picture. 476. curru (§ 227, e; G. 346, R."). — resupinus, on his back, and feet foremost.

477. huic (§ 235, a; G. 343, R.2; H. 384, 4, N.o).

479. interea, another picture, see Il. vi. 293; Bry. 383.

480. crinibus passis (pando), with hair spread loosely over their shoulders; a sign of mourning, which is closely connected with supplication

in all ages. The Romans often wore mourning to excite compassion for their friends in peril. — peplum, the outside garment of the Grecian women, particularly the costly robe borne to the temple of the goddess in the Panathenaic festival.

481. tunsae pectora, beating their [own] breasts; see § 111, N.; G. 332, 2; H. 378. For tense see § 290, b; G. 278, R.; H. 550, N.1

482. aversa, averting her face; see Il. vi. 311; Bry. 406.

483. raptaverat, i.e. the scene of the ransom is after the body has been dragged about the walls. (See Figs. 53 and 54.)

484. exanimum, indicating, according to Ladewig, that Hector had been dragged still living at the car of Achilles (compare the word tumentis (ii. 273), which would be used only of the living body; also Soph. Ajax, 1030, and Cic. Tusc. i. 44). In Homer, however, he seems to have been dead. See Il. xxiv. 477; Bry. 600.

485. tum dat: here occurs the regular historical present, while the preceding presents have been descriptive of the scenes. - vero, introducing as usual the most important moment of the narrative.

487. tendentem manus, in supplication. 488. se quoque, i.e. in another battle scene.

489. Memnonis: Memnon, son of Tithonus and Aurora, led the Æthiopian allies of Troy. The myth, however, places Ethiopia in the East; hence Eoas, from the East.

490. lunatis, moon-shaped: the form of the Amazonian shield was

a crescent, with a cusp in the middle. (See Fig. 55.) — peltis, abl. of characteristic (§ 251; H. 419, ii.).

492. exsertae, uncovered, as represented in works of art.

493. bellatrix, virgo: the contrast suggested in these words is heightened by their position as first and last in the verse.

494. miranda, pred. after videntur : seem marvellous; i.e. he gazes at them with wonder. See Od. vii. 133; Bry. 161.

497. stipante, thronging about, an almost technical word for escorting a great personage; so attendants are often called stipatores.

498. qualis, correlative with talis, v. 503. See Od. vi. 102; Bry. 128. - Eurotae, the Eurotas, a river of Sparta, where Diana was worshipped; Cynthi, Mt. Cynthus, also one of her favorite haunts.

499. choros, the dancing bands.

502. Latonae: notice with what effect the human element is introduced, the mother's pride heightening the daughter's glory.

Fig. 55.

505. foribus, in the doorway, i.e. of the cella, or interior temple (d in Fig. 56), in front of which was the pronaos, or porch (c in Fig. 56).

Fig. 56.

C

The temple had a vaulted roof (testudo, as resembling the shell of a tortoise). (See Figs. 56 and 57.)

506. subnixa, sitting on high.

507. iura dabat, a Roman picture. From the close connection of government and religion in Rome, temples were used for all public purposes: the Senate met, the treasury was kept, and courts were held in temples. - iura, leges, i.e. she acted both as judge and as law-giver.

508. aequabat, trahebat: the division was first made as equal as possible, and then the shares were assigned by lot, as the Romans divided provinces, etc., among their magistrates.

509. cum subito: Dido was thus occupied when suddenly, etc. See $325, b; G. 582.- concursu, the crowd that had flocked around them as strangers.

512. penitus, far away, a secondary meaning of the word derived from the meaning within.

514. coniungere, depending on ardebant used in the sense of volebant, cf. Ecl. ii. 1, and note.

515. res incognita, i.e. the reason of their coming and the nature of their reception.

516. dissimulant, keep hid (conceal something that is; compare simulans, v. 352, pretending something that is not). - amicti, wrapped (amb-, iacio).

see.

518. nam: he wondered why they had come, for they had the appearance of a regular embassy, and the formal nature of the embassy, as indicated in this clause, showed something of importance.

519. orantes, used almost like the future participle of purpose (§ 292; G. 673, 3, R.).- clamore: see, for explanation, v. 539.

520. coram (con-os) fandi, of speaking to the queen in person.

521. maxumus, eldest, and so first in rank. — placido, calm, as suited his age and dignity, contrasting with clamore, above.

523. gentis frenare, to curb with just restraint the haughty tribes of Africa. This is somewhat premature, as she had only built her city by sufferance; but his address might properly be spiced with flattery.

525. infandos, inhuman, as violating the right of peaceful strangers. 526. propius aspice, look more closely at our condition: though coming in an armed fleet, we have no hostile purposes. - pio, godfearing. 527. non: emphatic from its position at the beginning of the line "We have not, as your people seem to suppose.”. populare (infin. of purpose, § 273, c), to ravage wantonly.

528. vertere, drive away as booty.

529. non ea vis, etc., we have no such thought of violence; and if we had, conquered men are capable of no such insolence.

530. Hesperiam, the western land, a name borrowed from the Greeks, who applied it to Italy, as did the Latins sometimes to Spain. The form EσTEроÇ (in which the breathing stands for the digamma) is represented in Latin by the cognate word vesper, evening.

532. Oenotri: the name notria was applied to Italy as a land of vines (olvos). — nunc, this implies that notria was its former name.

533. Italiam (a word allied with vitulus), describing the region as a land of herds. Applied at first to the extreme southern point, where was the nearest communication with the Greeks, the name was by degrees extended over the whole. - ducis, i.e. Italus, a mythical person or eponymous hero said to have gone as a colonist from Arcadia.

534. hic cursus fuit: this (namely, to this land) was our voyage. This is the first of many incomplete verses found in the Æneid, evidences of the unfinished state in which the poem was left by Virgil's early death.

535. cum subito, are to be taken together, cf. v. 509, note. — adsurgens fluctu, rising over the stormy sea. The noun may be either dat. or abl. - nimbosus Orion: seasons in ancient times were named from the rising and setting of certain constellations. Eight different phenomena of this kind in the case of each constellation are noticed, of which only four are obvious and natural signs, the others being only obtainable by calcu lation. These four are: rising just before the sun, setting just after it (heliacal), rising just after sunset and setting just before sunrise (acronycal). It was the fourth phenomenon, setting just before sunrise, in the case of Orion, happening just before winter, that originally gave that constellation its ill-repute. It may be that Virgil here had no distinct astronomical appearance in his mind, but only associated Orion with bad weather, using nimbosus merely as a descriptive epithet; compare note