694. When the poison is less virulent, the shock to the frame is rarely fatal. The pain in the part bitten is very severe, and in about half an hour swelling takes place from the effusion of serum into the cellular tissue, and continues to increase more or less rapidly for about ten or twelve hours, extending during that period to a greater distance from the wound. The blood afterward ceases to circulate in the smaller vessels of the swollen parts; the skin over them becomes quite cold; the action of the heart is so weak that the pulse is scarcely perceptible; a slight delirium is present, and the ance of the mental faculties, and, in the most | inflamed." But I can add, that the appearances dangerous or fatal cases, the rapid progress of of the muscles which are assumed as inflamthese symptoms and gangrene of the wounded matory are not actually such, but those of conpart. Death may ensue, either rapidly or slow-gestion and softening from loss of the vital and ly; or recovery may take place, according to physical cohesion of the tissues. the virulence or acivity of the poison relatively to the powers of the individual, or the aid and treatment he has received. Dr. WAGNER mentions two cases where the injury was on the toes, and death took place before assistance could be procured. In a case referred to by Dr. CHRISTISON, a burning pain was felt in the bitten foot, followed by intense pain in the belly, vomiting, incessant thirst, and death in three hours. Dr. BRAUN (Rust's Magazine, b. xxxii., p. 361) states, that a man who professed to be a snake-charmer, put the head of the Coluber chersea into his mouth, but suddenly threw the reptile from him, finding that he had been bit-stomach is so irritable that nothing is retained ten near the root of the tongue. In a few minutes he became so faint that he could not stand. The tongue swelled a little, the eyes became dim, some saliva issued from his mouth, rattling respiration succeeded, and he died within fifty minutes after he was bitten. On the other hand, death may not take place until one, two, or even three days after the inoculation of the poison. The poison of the common viper is said not to be so dangerous in France as that of the red viper, which may cause death in a very few hours. on it. If the patient does not sink, these symptoms disappear in about sixty hours, and inflammation and suppuration take place in the injured parts, and when these are great the result is often fatal. The symptoms of those who recover go off more readily and completely than the symptoms produced by a morbid poison which has been received into the system. When the bite is in the fingers or toes, the part often immediately mortifies; and when death takes place in these cases, the absorbent vessels and glands present no change, nor has any part lost its natural appearance excepting those in the vicinity of the wound. The following cases illustrate the symptoms and morbid changes produced by this poison. 692. The activity of the poison of the viper, and indeed of all serpents, depends upon a variety of circumstances. When long confined, or after the animal has bitten frequently in rapid succession, and during cold seasons, when it 695. A person who took rattlesnakes from loses its activity, the poison also loses its viru- America to Europe for exhibition was bitten by lence more or less, owing either to a scantier, one in Paris, and died in nine hours. On disor a weaker, or an exhausted secretion. Ser- section, all the internal organs were found pents are most poisonous in warm, humid, and healthy, "excepting that the membranes covmalarious climates, and are there most numer-ering the brain and spinal cord had a reddish ous. In those parts of Africa, which were chiefly of this description, that I visited, accidents from them were very frequent; but, owing to my residence at any place being short, I did not succeed in obtaining any of the poisonous species. The most dangerous bites are inflicted on naked or imperfectly-covered parts, particularly the extremities; and the more severe and virulent, the more rapidly are the symptoms developed. The poisonous properties of the fluid contained in the reservoir do not cease with the animal's life, but may continue, like some other poisonous fluids, as that of smallpox, &c., even when the fluid is dried and kept for some time. Professor MANGILI has demonstrated that it may be swallowed without injury. The Fetish-men, or native doctors in Africa, have in my presence, when sucking the wounds made by a poisonous serpent, swallowed the fluids thus drawn from the wound to show their pow. ers and invulnerability. tinge, and the venous blood on the affected side was curdled or clotted." (Edin. Journ. of Science, vii., 86.) Dr. HORNER states that a patient, whom he saw some hours after having been bitten in the arm by a rattlesnake, had the arm from the thorax to the fingers swollen to twice its natural size, and it was very painful when moved. The pulse was almost imperceptible; the extremities were cold; the eyes were muddy and heavy; the face bloated. Death took place twenty-four hours after the receipt of the injury, and five hours after death the body was examined. The face was then much bloated; the neck tumid and purple; the bitten arm was still swollen and purplish. The internal organs presented no lesion beyond congestion, which was most apparent in the vessels within the cranium and spinal canal. The cellular and adipose tissues of the injured arm were infiltrated with serum. The blood was fluid, and of a very dark colour. (American Journ. of Med. Sciences, vol. viii., p. 397.) 696. A man was bitten in London by a rattlesnake which was being exhibited. In less than half an hour the injured hand began to swell, and pain and swelling extended rapidly along the arm to the axilla. In two hours af 693. The Crotalus horridus, or rattlesnake, produces effects which vary with the circumstances noticed above. Sir E. HOME states, that when the poison of this reptile is active, its local operation is so sudden and violent, and its effects upon the frame so great, that death soon takes place; and that, on examina-terward the man's answers were incoherent, tion after death, the only alteration of structure is in the parts close to the bite, where the cellular membrane is completely destroyed, "and the neighbouring muscles are very considerably his skin cold, his pulse 100 in a minute, and he was sick at stomach. In eight hours the pain was extremely violent, the swelling very great, and he had frequent attacks of faintness. The following morning his pulse was remark- 697. The Coluber fulvus Australicus, or "copably feeble, 132 in a minute, and slight swell-per-coloured snake," has sometimes caused death ing had extended from the arm along that side or dangerous effects in Australia, where it and to the loins, with a mottled appearance from other allied species abound. In a case detailed the exudation of blood under the skin. His by Mr. BLAND (Lancet, Jan., 1848), the bite nearwhole arm was very cold and painful, present-ly proved fatal, although ligatures were instanted several vesications, and "had a livid ap-ly placed upon the limb above the injury. The pearance, similar to what is met with in the symptoms were pain in the region of the heart, dead body after putrefaction has commenced." with a feeling of constriction in the chest ; acOn the third day his pulse was scarcely percep- celeration of pulse; giddiness, jactitation, dimtible; the extremities were cold, and the vesi- ness of sight, and general distress, which concations were larger. He rallied for a few days, tinued for some time, but were ultimately rebut gangrene of the arm took place, and he died moved by the very judicious and active treaton the eighteenth day. Sir E. HOME, who re- ment adopted. cords this case, adds, that Dr. RUSSELL communicated to him the details of a case of a man who had been bitten by the Cobra di Capello, and the symptoms were nearly the same as now stated. He also refers to two experiments he made on a couple of rats, which he caused to be bitten by a venomous serpent. The one first bitten died in one minute after the bite; and upon dissection, he found the cellular tissue un-it, then a cupping-glass, or any vessel or cup der the skin of the side bitten entirely destroyed. The second rat was not so rapidly nor so severely affected, but it died in six hours.(Philosoph. Trans., 1810.) 698. B. Treatment.-When the situation of the bite allows of the application of a ligature above it, then this practice should be instantly adopted; and even two ligatures ought to be applied, especially if a considerable time is likely to elapse before professional aid can be obtained. When the situation of the injury admits not of the application of a ligature above which may be applied with sufficient exhaustion of the contained air to produce pressure around the bite, as well as to draw the fluids through it, should be resorted to and kept applied, or reapplied as efficiently as possible. When medical or surgical aid is obtained, ex of its performance, should be adopted, especially if the symptoms are urgent and the local contamination manifest. But when these means cannot be resorted to, and even when they have been already employed, suction of the wound should be as instantly instituted as possible, and continued without intermission for a con [The moscheto and the small black fly deserve mention among insects whose bites are to some extent poisonous, and in a great degree annoy-cision of the bitten part, if the situation admit ing. A lotion of vol. alkali, properly diluted, is one of the best applications, and, as a preventive, smearing the parts exposed with camphorated volatile oil is generally pretty successful. We have found the bites of these insects so poisonous in the woods bordering on Lake Superior and our other northwestern lakes, as to cause such excessive inflammation and swell-siderable time,* The moderns have certainly ing of the skin as to obstruct the sight and cause general fever. Smoke, and every other means of defence, sometimes proved unavailing.*] [* Dr. A. F. WAINWRIGHT of this city was recently bitten by a rattlesnake in the last phalanx of the middle finger of the left hand, near its articulation with the metacarpal bone, which was followed by a small jet of blood. The wound was immediately sucked, and in about half an hour after the bitten part was excised, and a ligature applied above the seat of injury. The limb, however, swelled rapidly, becoming mottled and edematous. The tumefaction extended to the parietes of the chest, and he died in a state of collapse in five hours and a quarter after the receipt of the injury. The particulars of the case, as detailed by Dr. A. C. POST (N. Y. Annalist, Feb. 1, 1848, p. 163), are as follows: From the nature of the parts involved in the wound, the incision must have been imperfect, but the excised surface was immediately cauterized. The ligature was tied firmly about the wrist, and ten grains carbonate of ammonia and half a grain of sulphate of morphia were administered; about seven and a half P.M., the ligature, after it had been on half an hour, was removed. Previous to this time the hand had been very much swollen, but no swelling had occurred above the ligature. It now began to extend up the arm. At nine and a half the patient was seen by Dr. P., when the swelling had extended to a point half way between the elbow and shoulder joint; it was very consid erable, hard, and terminated abruptly; the finger, when passed along the arm, dropping suddenly from the swollen part to that in its natural condition. The hand was of a dark greenish colour; the lower part of the arm was mottled blue and greenish yellow; the discoloration did not extend as far as the swelling, and seemed to follow the swelling at about half an hour's interval. When first seen by Dr. P. the pulse was eighty, of medium fulness and strength, face flushed, and manner excited. Half an hour after the pulse began to flag, becoming less full and forcible, but increased to one hundred; it afterward reached one hundred and twenty beats in the minute, but became constantly more and more feeble. By eleven o'clock the pulse was extinct at the wrist, but could still be felt at the groin. Between ten and eleven he became stupid, taking not materially improved upon the treatment recommended by the ancients for the bites of serpents and other reptiles. If we refer to NICANDER, DIOSCORIDES, CELSUS, and other Greek and Roman writers, as well as to the Arabians, no notice of what was passing about him. This lapsed into complete coma, and he died a little past twelve. By this time the swelling had extended under the pectoral muscle, and the discoloration had reached the axilla. The treatment consisted in the administration of stimulants, brandy and carbonate of ammonia, in as large doses as the patient could be prevailed on to swallow. When they could no longer be given by the mouth they were administered by the rectum, after the pulse had ceased at the wrist, and the surface covered with a cold perspiration. A sinapism applied to the epigastrium produced full redness in twenty-five minutes. A fatal result from the bite of the rattlesnake is very rare in the United States, though bites are not infrequent. Dr. A. CLARK informs us that a man who kept these animals for exhibition stated that he had often been bitten, but that he possessed a remedy which always cured him. He was, however, at last bitten by a large one, and died in four hours. Cauterizing, with ammonia, immediately after animals, as cats and rabbits, are bitten, does not prevent a fatal result. In man the poison seems to attack especially the subcutaneous cellular tissue; the sloughing, when patients recover, being superficial. The phenomena bear no resemblance to those of ordinary inflammation, especially when death speedily results.] * In nearly, if not all, cases of bite from a poisonous reptile, suction should be the first measure resorted to. In many cases it will alone suffice to ensure a safe result. Ligature, caustic, and excision are important adjuncts. The free use of alcohol alone, or mixed with oil of turpentine, has been found very successful in our Western States, where rattlesnakes are said to abound. Hunters not infrequently carry a bottle, containing equal parts of these articles, as a specific in case they are bitten. We know of no plant possessing specific curative virtues in such cases as claimed by the Indians, and believed by some writers. Of these pretended specifics, more than a score are already known and described in our books.] notwithstanding the treatment, the patients had sunk in six to twelve hours from the time of their receiving the wound. The following case will show the symptoms and treatment of it and all the others. we shall find them all recommending the means | which he prescribed the arsenic in very large now advised, with several others. Mr. ADAMS, doses. He states, that upon his arrival at St. in his most valuable translation of PAULUS EGI- Lucia, where venomous serpents are numerous, NETA, has given an excellent epitome of the chiefly the Coluber carinatus, an officer and sevtreatment prescribed by the ancients for poi-eral men of the 68th regiment had died within sonous bites and wounds. They all recom- a few months from bites of these reptiles; and mend ligatures, cupping, suction, and, in urgent cases, excision or amputation. After sucking and cupping the wound, they advise stimulating dressings, and the application of the flesh of fowls, while still warm, to the part. They also recommend bleeding, "when the poison is 700. A soldier was bitten in the hand, the distributed over the body," but at the same middle finger being much lacerated, and it was time they give wine and stimulants, emetics, immediately amputated at the joint with the metand sudorifics, and agree in GALEN's eulogy acarpal bone. He was seen ten minutes after upon the virtues of the theriaca. I must, how he received the wound. He was then so torever, refer the reader to Mr. ADAMS's work for pid and senseless as to feel little or no pain dua very full account of the practice of the ancients ring the operation. The hand, art, and breast in these and in all other cases of poisoning. of the same side were much swollen, mottled, 698*. In Mr. BLAND's case (§ 697), bleeding and of a dark purple and livid colour. He was from the arm to the extent of sixteen ounces vomiting, and appeared as if intoxicated. Pulse was adopted, "in conformity with his experi- quick and hard. The wound being dressed, a ence in these cases, and was followed almost cathartic clyster and the following were adminimmediately by the entire removal of both the istered immediately: "R. Liq. Arsenicalis, 3ii. ; pain and constriction." At ten the same even-Tinct. Opii, gtt. x.; Aquæ Mentha pip., iss." ing the patient was again bled to ten ounces, some pain and constriction in the chest having returned. Besides the means already mentioned, Mr. BLAND advises "the exhibition of stimulants, as oil of turpentine, aromatic spirit of ammonia, brandy or other spirits, eau-de-luce, port, sherry, Champagne, or other wines." In addition to these, the head and face should be frequently sponged with cold fluids, as vinegar, rose-water, &c. I have seen, in Africa, where accidents from poisonous serpents are not infrequent, the juice of the citron, with capsicum, added to the other stimulants which were taken, and applied to the wound after suction had been continued for some time. The bowels were opened by means of olive oil, taken by the mouth with stimulants, or administered as enemata, with capsicum and salt. In the more intense states of poisoning by venomous snakes, bleeding can hardly be resorted to, owing to the extreme depression of the powers of life; and it is only when reaction is being developed by the aid of powerful stimulants that the loss of blood tends to relieve the vascular congestion produced by the poison, especially of the lungs and large vessels, and, by reducing the mass to the low amount of moving power, thereby to restore and equalize the circulation. 699. Various substances have been recommended as antidotes to the poison of serpents. HUMBOLDT and BONPLAND mention a New Granada plant, the guaco, Mikiana guaco, the juice of which is said to deter snakes from biting persons on whom it is applied; the leaves being also applied to the wound to prevent the usual effects when a person is bitten. (ORFILA, Toxicologie, t. ii., p. 441.) Arsenite of potash, and other preparations of arsenic, as the Pill of Tanjore, have been used in the East as an antidote to this poison. Dr. RUSSEL states that it was taken sometimes with success, but that it failed in other cases. Mr. IRELAND (Trans. of Med. and Chirurg. Society, vol. ii, p. 397) and Dr. PHILLIPS (American Journ. of Med. Sciences, vol. viii., p. 540) have furnished satisfactory evidence of the efficacy of arsenic, even in the worst cases of poisoning by the bites of serpents. Mr. IRELAND relates five cases in III. 31 This medicine was added to half an ounce of lime juice, and taken immediately. It remained on his stomach, "and was repeated every. half hour for four successive hours. In the mean time the parts were frequently fomented with common fomentation, and rubbed with a liniment composed of Ol. Terebinth., ss.; Liq. Ammon., 3ss.; and Olei Olivæ, iss. The cathartic clyster was repeated twice, when the patient began to be purged; the arsenical medicine was now discontinued." From that time he gradually recovered. The next day he appeared very weak and fatigued; the swelling gradually diminished, and he soon recovered and returned to his duty. 701. The administration of large doses of ammonia and eau-du-luce has been advocated by many, and numerous instances of their success have been recorded, while HOME and ORFILA doubt their virtues. They are, however, useful in rallying the powers of life and in promoting perspiration. And in this way other stimulants, as alcoholic fluids in large doses, have also been of use. Many plants have likewise been much praised as antidotes to the bites of serpents, especially the Aristolochia serpentaria, the Prenanthes alba and altissima, the Polygala senega, the Eupatorium ayaparia, the Ophioxylon serpentinum, Nux vomica, &c. ; but probably they possess no farther specific influence than in enabling, by their stimulating action, the vital powers to resist the injurious influence of the poison. 702. ii. VARIOUS INSECTS AND REPTILES, especially the scorpion, the tarantula, the hornet, the spider, the wasp, and the bee, produce serious effects in some constitutions by their stings. The effects of these, however, vary much. In some they resemble those produced by the bite of a viper; in others they are more slight, and are merely irritant locally, while they occasion more or less severe nervous symptoms.-A. The sting of the scorpion has, in some instances, produced severe diffusive local inflammation, with pain, fever, tremour, and depression. Dr. GRAPERON saw two cases in which the sting of the tarantula proved fatal in the Crimea-one in forty-eight hours, the other in six days. The sting, which was inflicted in the patient's neck, was very painful, and had left a brownish violet mark. The neck, head, and shoulders were swollen; the thorax, from the clavicle to the false ribs, was of a bluish colour; and respiration became difficult forty-four hours after the injury. Scarifications, the actual cautery, oil externally and internally, and ammonia, were all employed in vain. (Quart. Journ. of For. Med., i., p. 215 ) &c., § 2. II. THE ACTION OF POISONS CONSIDERED, 11. 703. B. Dr. BECK refers to a case in which III. THE MEDIA OR CHANNELS BY WHICH POISONS ACT, ◊ 18. the sting of a bee caused vomiting, fainting, IV. THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF POISONS, ◊ 28. V. THE SPECIAL OPERATION OF POISONS, 34. VI. THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECTS 704. C. The treatment of the stings of these insects should be the same in principle as that advised for the bites of venomous reptiles; which is similar to that prescribed by the ancients, an epitome of which will be found in Mr. ADAMS's Work, already referred to. In the less severe cases, emollient and anodyne applications to the wound are of use, after the sting is extracted; and the volatile alkali, or the other stimulants and restoratives mentioned above, should be given internally in large and repeated doses, when vital depression is alarming, or the other general symptoms are severe. In this article it will be seen that have ventured upon a different CLASSIFICATION of poisous than has hitherto been proposed; and that I have based this classification upon what I believe to be the operation of such substances as have been found to be more or less injurious to the living human body. It may be some reason for this arrangement, that there is scarcely a poison which is not, or has not been, employed as a medicine, and therefore some reference should be had, in our consideration of the modus operandi of poisons, to the nature and effect of these substances when employed medicinally; and, in fact, it is upon what is known, and upon what I believe, to be the influence and action of these substances that I have founded my arrangement. I offer it to the examination of the closely observing and profound pathologist, therapeutist, and medical jurist; and to several such I have been much indebted in the preceding pages. There are numerous substances, both medicinal and poisonous, which are arranged with great difficulty according to their operation and more prominent effects, owing to the circumstance of their operation taking place through different media and channels; and to the fact that the effects upon the different vital organs vary in different persons, from causes already stated, and even in the same person at different times, seasons, and states of the digestive organs, and of the economy. Hence substances which may appear to some to belong to a certain class, may seem, with equal justice to others, to belong to a different class. But this objection is one to which all arrangements are liable, where the objects to be arranged present not sufficiently distinctive characters on which specific differences may be based. There may be some imperfections in my views, and I may have to modify certain of them, especially as respects those substances the nature of which has been insufficiently investigated; but I have endeavoured to be as precise and correct as the extensive range of the subject and my limited powers allowed me to be; and I have endeavoured to do justice to all who have furnished me with information in their able and classical productions. The reasons for my excluding chemical and juridical disquisitions from my treatise have already been given; but I may again state that they are not comprised by the scope of my work, or by its limits; and I am desirous that they should be referred to in the practical and able sources which I have already indicated. My object--and, indeed, my duty -was to describe the operation, the effects, the diagnosis. and the treatment of poisons, as a most important part of Practical Medicine-as, in truth, states of disease, although produced by art, or with the intention of destroying life-as no mean or smail part of medical practice and usefulnessand as contributing in no small degree to the medical practitioner's knowledge, not only of the sources and course of the most intense and rapid states of morbid action and of VII. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE SYMPTOMS OF POISONING, XI, CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS, 106. SONS, 108. CLASS I. ACRID AND CORROSIVE POISONS, 109. i. Symptoms and Diagnosis of corrosive poisoning, 109. iii. Alkalies and their carbonates, ◊ 167. viii. Salts.-Alkaline corrosive, 196. B. Bismuth, trisnitrate of, ◊ 201. Nitrates, bi-cyanide, and some other preparations F. Silver, nitrate of, ◊ 229. G. Tin, the chlorides of, 231. H. Zinc, chloride and sulphate of, ◊ 232. x. Vegetable acrids, 234. a. Anemone, the poisonous species of, ◊ 235. d. Caltha palustris, ◊ 238. e. Chilidonium majus, and other species, ◊ 239. f. Croton tiglium, 240. Cucumis colocynthis, ◊ 242. h. Cyclamen Europæum. 244. i. Daphne gnidium and D. mezereum, 245. k. Delphinium staphysagria, 246. 1. Euphorbia officinarium, and other species, ◊ 247. m. Gratiola officinalis, 249. n. Hippomane mancinella, 9 250. o. Iotropha curcas, ◊ 251. p. Juniperus Sabina, ◊ 252. 9. Momordica elaterium, ◊ 253. r. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus, ◊ 254. 8. Ranunculus, several species of, § 255. t. Rhus toxicodendron, ◊ 256. u. Stalagmitis cambogioides, ◊ 257. v. Other acrid and corrosive plants, ◊ 258. CLASS II. DEPRESSING AND PARALYZING POISONSSEDATIVE POISONS, 261. A. Acetic acid, in frequent doses, and diluted, ◊ 262. B. Acids, the mineral, frequent doses of the dilute, § 263. C. Alkalies and their carbonates, prolonged use of, 6264. D. Cold or abstraction of animal heat, ◊ 265. E. Digitalis purpurea, ◊ 266. F. Lead, preparations of, 275. G. Prussic or hydrocyanic acid, and its compounds, 6 289. H. Zinc, oxide of, 321. I. Vapours of ether and alcohol, ◊ 322. CLASS III EXCITANTS-STIMULANTS-EXCITING AND i. Alcohol, ◊ 324. ii. Ethers, ◊ 336. iii. Camphor, ◊ 341. iv. Chelidonium majus and C. glaucium, & 352. v. Heat, in various forms, 353. vi. Ipecacuanha, ◊ 358. CLASS IV. EXCITING AND CONSTRINGING POISONS-- 1. Alum, 363. i. Nux vomica and Strychnia, ◊ 364. 361. Various plants containing Strychnia, ◊ 370. ii. Brucia antidysenterica, &c., ◊ 378. iv. Cocculus Indicus, 379. v. Coriaria Myrtifolia, ◊ 381. CLASS V. IRRITATING AND DEPRESSING POISONS-IR- i. Aconite: varieties of A. napellus. ◊ 383 1. Arsenic and its compounds, ◊ 393. i. Colchicum autumnale, ◊ 419. iv. Hellebore and its species, ◊ 423 v. Food poisons, ◊ 427. A. Poisonous fish, B. Poisonous meats, 428. Opus de Venenis, fol. Basil., 1562.-H. Cardanus, De Venenis, 1. iii., fol. Basil., 1564.-J. Mobanus, Giftgåger, sive Antidotus, 8vo. Aug. Vind., 1567.-J. Grevin, Deux Livres des Venins, 4to. Anvers, 1568.-J. Ewich, De Sagarum (quas vulgo veneficas appellant) Natura, Arte, &c., 8vo. Bremæ, 1584.-H. Mercurialis. De Venenis, et Morbis vencnosis, I. ., 8vo. Francof., 1584.-A. Baccius, De Ven. et Antidotis, 4to. Rom., 1586.-R. à Fonseca, De Ven. eorumque Curatione, 4to. Rom., 1587.-P. de Uffenbach, De Ven. et morbiferis Medicamentis, 4to. Bas., 1597.-H. à Bra, De curandis Ven. per Medicamenta, &c., lib. ii., 8vo. Arnh., 1603.-E. Rudius, De Morbis occultis et venenatis, 1. v. Venet., 1610.-J. E. Burggrav, Alexipharmacum omnium Venen. Ludg. Bat., 8vo. 1610-M. Zuccarias, Methodus occurrandi Ven. Corporibus, 4to. Neap., 1611.-J. Burser, Paradoxum de Venenis, 4to. Basil., 1615.-F. Pona, Antidotus Bezoardica adversus omnia Ven., 12mo. Veronæ, 1622. Amatus Lusitanus, cent. i., 39, 64; cent. iv., 41, 52; cent. v., 91; cent. vi., 88.-Severinus, De Vipera Natura, C. 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