chosen member of parliament for his native town. 7. Along with John Hampden determines to emigrate to America; is prevented. 8. Civil war breaks out in 1642; raises a troop of dragoons, afterwards called his Ironsides. 9. Distinguishes himself at the battles of Marston Moor, Stamford, Newbury, and Naseby; execution of Charles I. 10. Campaign in Ireland, in 1649; in Scotland, in 1650. 11. Dissolution of the Long Parliament; "Take away that bauble." 12. Is made Protector by a military council; in his lifetime no foreign power dared insult England. 13. Left two sons and four daughters. 14. Dies, as Napoleon I. did, while a fearful storm is raging. 15. Buried with great pomp and state in Westminster Abbey, in Henry VII.'s chapel, on the 23rd November, 1658. 16. At the Restoration hung at Tyburn upon the triple tree, Ireton on one side, Bradshaw on the other; the common hangman does this work.

Ex. 8.-DUKE OF WELLINGTON.

1. Born in 1769, probably in Dublin, of an English family. 2. Educated at Eton, and afterwards at the military college of Angers, in France. 3. In March, 1787, obtains an ensigncy in the seventy-third regiment. 4. Seven years after is lieutenant-colonel in the thirty-third regiment. 5. Despatched to Holland in 1794; to India in 1796. 6. Attacks and defeats DoondiahWaugh, the "king of two worlds," a marauding adventurer who, with 5000 horsemen, had been molesting the province of Mysore. 7. Appointed majorgeneral; with an army not one to seven of the enemy, defeats the Mahrattas in 1803. 8. Returns to England after an absence of nine years; marries, and becomes member for Rye in 1806. 9. Is sent to Spain on an expedition, but in an inferior capacity. 10. Returns home; is sent out again with chief command. 11. Gains the victory of Talavera, 1809; of Busaco in September of the same year. 12. Salamanca in 1812; and the most decisive battle of all, Vittoria, in 1813. 13. The battles of the Pyrenees in the same year. 14. Napoleon in 1815 makes his escape from Elba; Wellington with an army of 33,000 British, with 32,000 Dutch and Belgians, receives Napoleon at Waterloo; our troops on the defensive all day; desperate struggle; Napoleon defeated. 15. The great warrior dies suddenly at Walmer Castle, in 1852.

Ex. 9.-EDWARD III.

1. Born at Windsor, in 1312. 2. Marries Philippa of Hainault. 3. At

several years, in 1776. 5. Country governed by a Federal Congress. 6. Two senators sent by each state. 7. Several representatives, according to population. 8. President over all. 9. Every four years he is elected. 10. Brother Jonathan, a name given in pleasantry to an inhabitant of the United States. 11. So called from Jonathan Trumbull, a man in whom Washington had unbounded confidence. "We must consult Brother Jonathan " said the latter, when in want of supplies for his army. 12. U. S., initials for United States. 13. In pleasantry, Uncle Sam.

Ex. 40.-VOWELS IN LANGUAGES.

1. Languages of warm countries have larger proportion of vowels; people open their mouths. 2. The language of Tahiti, with average temperature from 69° to 78°, has from seventy to eighty vowels in every hundred letters. 3. Esquimaux, with temperature from 31° minus to 43°, average zero, almost all consonants, and these guttural. 4. They do not like to open their mouths to sound the labials, linguals, and dentals, much less the vowels. 5. In Pacific Islands many tribes cannot sound two consonants together for France they say Farani.

17th Century.

Ex. 41.-TRAVELLING.

LONDONERS farther from Reading than they now are from Edinburgh; no railways. Viceroy on his way to Ireland, takes five hours to go fourteen miles. From St. Asaph to Conway roads mere tracks; in wet weather, quagmires. Flying coach takes two days to go to Oxford; in winter could only travel thirty miles a day. London reached on the sixth day from Chester if in winter, on the fourth if in summer! Inns comfortable; highwaymen in abundance.

19th Century.

LONDON to Edinburgh in ten hours; London to Dublin 11 hours; fastest train, perhaps, in the world, to Exeter in 4 hours. Inns have not kept pace in excellence with increased rapidity of communication. Fish and perishable_articles of food can be brought up to London, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, and other towns, quite fresh. Goods now conveyed by rail about fifteen times more cheaply and fifty times more quickly. Continental and distant markets drained by London.

BIOGRAPHICAL THEMES.

Ex. 1.-ADMIRAL ROBERT BLAKE.

1. Born in 1599, at Bridgewater, in Somersetshire. Four months younger than Oliver Cromwell. 2. A diligent student at Wadham College, Oxford. 3. Went there at sixteen; stays nine years. 4. His father, an adventurous merchant and a man of property, dies. 5. Robert returns home and becomes head of the family. 6. Educates his brothers and sisters. 7. Sits as member for Taunton in the Long Parliament. 8. In 1642, the Civil War breaks out. 9. Assists in the defence of Bristol against the royalists. 10. Desperate defence against the besiegers. 11. Afterwards defends Taunton for a year against the king. 12. Founds the naval supremacy of Britain. 13. With a squadron of ships, goes in pursuit of Prince Rupert. 14. Blake, the first English admiral that entered the Mediterranean since the Crusades. 15. Fights the Dutch in many engagements. 16. At last beats them. 17. In the Mediterranean again in 1653. 18. Punishes the Tunisian pirates. 19. Captures, in 1657, after his most tremendous battle, though an invalid, the second Spanish silver fleet; the first having been taken several months before. 20. A dying man, in his ship, the St. George, slowly makes his way home. 21. Expires as his ship is entering Plymouth Sound, 1657.

Ex. 2.-ALARIC THE GOTH.

1. Born of one of the most noble Gothic families. 2. While a youth is in the service of the Emperor Theodosius. 3. In 403, in command of the army of the Goths: declares war against the Emperor Honorius; appears with his troops before Milan. 4. The Emperor Honorius evacuates the city. 5. Alaric is beaten at the battle of Verona by the emperor's troops; ratifies a treaty with Honorius; leaves Italy. 6. Appointed by the emperor to the governorship of Illyria. 7. Influx of German recruits to his standard. 8. Again conceives the design of establishing himself in Italy; is bought off by a bribe of 4000 lbs. weight of gold. 9. Wives and children of the Visigoths serving in the Roman ranks massacred. 10. In revenge, army of the Goths under Alaric advance to the walls of Rome. 11. Terms-all the wealth of Rome, but citizens' lives to be spared. 12. At last retires on condition of receiving a heavy ransom. 13. Honorius breaks his word; Alaric returns, but soon retires. 14. Comes back a third time.

15. At midnight on the 24th August, 410, enters Rome, its master. 16. Pillage for six days; little blood shed. 17. Churches respected; dies a few months afterwards; was besieging a town at the time. 18. Buried in the bed of a brook from which the water had been temporarily diverted.

Ex. 3.-ALFRED THE GREAT.

1. Born in 849 at Wantage, in Berks. 2. Took to learning eagerly ; delighted to hear Saxon poems recited; got them by heart. 3. Is rewarded by his mother for repeating the contents of a book of Saxon poems. 4. Frequent foreign invasions of England at this time, in his brother Ethelred's reign, by the Danes. 5. Alfred is his brother's most valuable general. 6. For five years engaged with varying success in repelling these attacks. 7. Succeeds to the crown at the age of 23; fights the invaders a month after his accession. 8. His army dwindles away; embarrassments now very great. 9. Builds the first navy ever established in this island. 10. In 878 sustained several reverses from the Danes; was obliged to take refuge in woods and inaccessible places. 11. Said for a time to have found refuge with one of his own cowherds. 12. His behaviour when he let the housewife's cakes burn. 13. Afterwards fought a great battle with the enemy, and routed them. 14. Invaders capitulate and give hostages. 15. Godrun, the Danish king, baptized. 16. In 893 repels a more formidable invasion. 17. Defeats pirates also. 18. Builds cities and towns; promotes knowledge; founds schools; is the friend of scholars. 19. Performed all this with a feeble constitution, 20. Dies at the age of 52, in the 30th year of his reign.

Ex. 4.-BELISARIUS.

1. Born in 505. 2. Appointed general of the East by the Emperor Justinian. 3. Insurrection broke out at Constantinople; supported by Belisarius. 4. In 533 sets out on his African campaign against the Vandals, accompanied by Procopius, his secretary, the historian of the expedition; gains his first battle. 5. A second engagement takes place with a like result. 6. The Vandal king, Gelimer, at last capitulates, having previously demanded a lyre, a loaf of bread, and a sponge; the first that he might have its music as an accompaniment to an ode he had written on his misfortunes, the second that he might once more taste civilised food, and the third that he might wipe away the tears from his eyes. 7. A

triumph, the first celebrated at Constantinople, is decreed Belisarius. 8. Justinian attempts to seize Italy, now a Gothic kingdom. 9. Belisarius lands at Rhegium; takes Naples; occupies Rome, which is besieged a year by the Goths. 10. They are at last forced to retire. 11. Returns to Constantinople, bringing with him the dethroned King of Italy. 12. Justinian is jealous of Belisarius. 13. Belisarius is sent against the King of Persia, who had invaded Syria; defeats him, but is fined by the emperor. 14. Passes eleven years in private life. 15. Barbarian hordes threaten the capital. 16. Belisarius meets and disperses them. 17. The emperor, through jealousy, is said to have had his eyes put out. 18. Dies a beggar in extreme old age.

Ex. 5.-CHARLES XII. OF SWEDEN.

1. Born in June, 1682. 2. Learns German in his infancy; speaks it fluently. 3. At seven can manage a horse. 4. Does not like Latin; is persuaded at last to learn it; retains enough of the language to speak it all his life. 5. At fifteen his father dies; succeeds him during Queen Anne's reign. 6. His ruin attempted by a conspiracy of three princes, the Kings of Denmark, and Poland, and the Czar of Muscovy. 7. Attacked by Denmark first when only eighteen years of age; finishes the Danish war in six weeks. 8. With 8000 Swedish troops, defeats at Narva 80,000 Russians; penetrates into Poland. 9. Defeats Augustus, the King of Poland, and obliges him to resign his crown. 10. Makes his way into Saxony; afterwards pursues the Czar; attempts to dethrone him in the south of Russia; great sufferings of the army; mouldy scraps of bread to eat; barefooted soldiers; rags; general destitution. 11. Reaches the Ukraine. 12. Overtaken by the Czar at Pultowa; fights a battle. 13. Its disastrous consequences. 14. Flies into Turkey; is forced by the Turks to depart. 15. His misfortunes. 16. Lays siege to Fredericshall in Norway; is killed by a cannon-ball in his thirty-seventh year.

Ex. 6.-CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

1. Christopher Colon (or Columbus), a native of Genoa; born in 1446, in the reign of Henry VI. of England. 2. Father a woolcarder. 3. At the University of Pavia for a short time. 4. Goes to sea when fourteen years of age. 5. In his early years privateering an honourable profession. 6. Settles at Lisbon, about 1470; marries; a few years after sails to the Northern