was offered to those who should deliver them up, and a punishment threatened to those who should conceal them. Sylla the Dictator invented this; he proscribed thousands, and being above law himself, judged them to death without law.

With impunity-without punishment.

Treasury. In every civilized country the magistrates, and those who serve in the army must be paid for their labour; and they who have the benefit of their labour must pay for it. We are all, men and children, rich and poor, better off for wise governors. If any bad man injures the poorest and humblest of his fellow citizens, that poor man may go to the magistrate and complain of the injurious person, and the magistrate will make the injured man some amends. The wicked know this, and fear of the magistrate and of the laws, often prevents them from hurting others. This is one of the advantages of a good government we are willing to pay for it.

Those persons who have much property pay a certain part of it for the support of government: those who have less property, pay less. What the law demands of each person, is the taxes. All the taxes collected together, are the revenues of the state. They are also the treasure.

The person appointed to receive the revenues, is the treasurer: the place appointed to receive this money, is the treasury. The treasurer takes an account of all the money he receives, and keeps an account of all that is paid to the different officers of government; and that account is shown, so that the treasurer cannot embezzle the public funds, that is, cannot take this money for his own use, without being detected, disgraced, and punished.

Hannibal defeated,

The conquest of Macedonia by Emilius, First library erected at Rome, with books obtained in Greece,

Corinth destroyed by Mummius, Carthage by Scipio,

Roman arms carried into Spain,

B. C.

274

202

168

167

147

146

Pergamus in Asia Minor, annexed to Rome, 133 Dalmatia conquered by the Romans,

Teutones and Cimbri defeated by Marius

and Catullus,

Lusitania (Portugal) conquered,

Cyrene left by the king of Egypt to Rome,
Bithynia in Asia Minor, left by the king to
Rome,
Mithridates defeated by Pompey,-Crete,
(Candia) subdued,

188 102 101

99

Syria and Palestine conquered by Pompey,
Cæsar had conquered Gaul during a war of

ten years,-Cæsar defeats the Ger-
mans, invades Britain,

Battle of Philippi,-Battle of Pharsalia,
Cæsar takes Alexandria,

Battle of Actium,

Egypt reduced to a province,

Pannonia on the Danube, (part of Austria and Turkey,) conquered by Tiberius, Our Saviour born in the reign of Augustus.

97

75

66

65

55

48

47

31

31

12

A Chronological table is usually reckoned a dull thing, and only to be looked at for some single date. But this table belongs to Roman history; and if it be learned by young persons, they will find it useful and agreeable. Take a map of the Roman empire, and begin first at the river Tiber, look at the place where Rome stands, once so inconsiderable, since called, from its duration, (more than twenty-five centuries) "the eternal city," thence proceed, on the map, one by one and in the order of time, with the succeeding conquests; and you will learn and never forget, the gradual increase and ultimate extent of this great Empire.

3. In comparing the map with the short sketch of the Roman Empire, you will perceive that I have not mentioned any states of Africa, except Carthage and Egypt; the others, though subject to Rome, were conquered soon after their neighbours. The provinces along the Danube not mentioned here, were conquered soon after those near them. Britain was subdued and settled by the emperors. Parthia, on the borders of Turkey and Persia, was afterwards conquered, but it was a country of half-civilized men, and Trajan fixed the eastern limit of the empire by the Euphrates.

4. The Parthians are remembered by their mode of fighting-they shot their arrows as they were riding rapidly. This serves for a comparison," Shot flying, like the Parthians," is often applied to other things.

THE EMPIRE.

The Empire was divided into Eastern and Western, A. D. 328. The western empire was destroyed by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, a nation of barbarians, who assumed the title of king of Italy, A. D. 476. The Gothic invaders of Italy, made that beautiful_country a scene of bloodshed for centuries. Rome was taken and re-taken, first by one invader and then by another. The Lombards, a people of Pannonia, formed a kingdom in the north of Italy, A. D. 568. Pope Gregory the First asserted himself to be the head of the church, A. D. 590. The Popes became rulers of the state, A. D. 606.

2. How Gaul, Spain, Germany, Holland and the other countries of Europe were emancipated from the Roman government, cannot be told in this little book; it belongs to a larger history. While these countries were Roman provinces, they were governed by the Roman magistrates, and the Roman armies. When the Romans in Italy fell into dreadful wars among themselves, they could not pay attention to the provinces. Sometimes the people of the provinces expelled the Roman armies, and sometimes they were recalled to Italy.

3. The military chiefs of the different provinces became the kings and nobles of these countries, and in time gave new names to them. The change from the Roman government of Europe to that of the respective countries at this time, was very slow. After the destruction of the Roman dominion in Europe, no intercourse, during many centuries, subsisted between the nations; they

did not keep written accounts of public affairs, and paid little attention to learning. This long period of ignorance is called the Dark Ages.

4. The names of the Emperors are of little consequence; for the most part they were wicked men, and were punished for their crimes. They had bad wives and bad children. They were not hereditary princes, but were chosen generally by the army; and when a designing man wanted to be emperor, he would promise the soldiers whatever they desired, and they would first murder the reigning emperor, and then put the one who had bribed them into his place. It would be unjust to say, that all the emperors were wicked men; several of them were wise and virtuous, but their names, and their virtues are told in other books.

ROMAN LEARNING.

Before the Romans became acquainted with the Greeks, they had their boys instructed at home. The use of arms, and the arts of husbandry were taught by fathers to their sons. Spinning, the preparation of food, and other household business, afforded occupation to the girls, and formed all their knowledge. But with no more knowledge than this, these young persons made excellent children, and excellent husbands and wives. For five hundred years after the foundation of Rome, there were no divorces. Divorce is the separation of a husband and wife, when they have ceased to love each other.