TROJANS IN ITALY, THE MARRIAGE OF ENEAS AND LAVINIA, AND THE GREATNESS OF THEIR POSTERITY.

37. quæ tempora rerum (fuerint): " id est quo rerum statu et conditione Æneas advenerit." H. Virgil here invokes the Muse Erato from the same motive as Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica iii. ad init. As the love of Medea ensured the success of Jason, just so the marriage of Æneas with the daughter of the native prince was to consolidate the establishment of the Trojans in Italy.--42. reges, Latinus, Mezentius, and Turnus.— 43. totam 'hyperbolice dixit,' as Servius remarks; for this war did not exceed the limits of Latium and Etruria. 51. fuit, i. e. on the arrival of Æneas.-52. servabat, as future heir. We say, inversely, was reserved to her.'—56. Amata, the wife of Latinus.-60. metu for religione.-61. For quum primum conderet arces, i. e. urbem. Laurentes, the people of Laurentum, now Selva Laurentina.-67. See Georg. iv. 558, “Uva ab apibus facta dirum ostentum existimatur," Pliny, Hist. Nat. xi. 17.—73. comprendere, in prose concipere.-77. Vulcanum = ignem.-83. Albunea, the name of a forest near Tivoli, in which is a sulphur-spring, now acqua solforata d'Altieri. According to Nibby and Walckenaer, rather Acque Albule. -88. A kind of divination called Incubatio, ykoiunois.-91. Acheronta for Inferos or Manes.-97. paratis for Turnus. See 56, 57. 106. Cf. Cicero, De Inventione, ii. 51: "funiculus, qui a puppi religatus scapham annexam trahebat."

107-157. ENEAS PERCEIVES THAT THE END OF HIS WANDERINGS IS AT HAND. HE SENDS A DEPUTATION TO LATINUS, AND PREPARES TO FOUND A CITY.

110. Jupiter ille for illa vox Jovis, who had spoken to Æneas through one of the Harpies; iii. 255.-111. Cereale solum, flat cakes or biscuits, which served them for tables on the grass. Augent for cumulant.-113. Cererem = panes or placentas. Edendi (ejus quod edendum est) for ciborum.-115. fatalis, alluding to the oracle just quoted. Patulis for latis.-117. alludens does not mean alluding to (a later sense of alludere), but joking, in sport.-118. tulit for attulit, nunciavit.—119. eripuit for celeriter excepit. Numine, the divine will, or operation, which had put this exclamation in the boy's mouth. Pressit impressit animo suo. 123. repeto (animo), I remember.-125. accisis = consumptis.-134. re-ponite, again and again.-135. For sic effatus, deinde. See ii. 391.136. For tellurem ante alios deos. Cf. iii. 437.140. His father and mother, Venus in heaven, Anchises in the infernal regions.-141. clarus for serenus.—142. For radiis aureis. -145. debita. Cf. 120.-147. Cf. i. 724.-150. stagnum Numici, now Stagno di Levante, near the old bed of the Tiber, now Fiume Mortuo. Quod autem stagna ait, verum est. Nam Numicus ingens ante fluvius fuit; post paulatim decrescens, in fontem redactus est; qui et ipse siccatus est, sacris interceptis. Vestæ enim libari nonnisi de hoc flumine licebat." Servius.-151. habitare depends on an implied notion which results from the preceding action, explorant, and they ascertain that....—154. velatos,

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because fillets were attached to these branches. Palladis for olivæ Palladi sacratæ.-157. fossa. See v, 755.

160-282. ARRIVAL OF THE TROJAN DEPUTIES AT THE COURT OF LATINUS. DESCRIPTION OF HIS PALACE. HE WELCOMES THEM, AND SENDS THEM BACK WITH A PROMISE OF AID AND ALLIANCE.

160. Latinorum, according to the best MSS., and not Latini.— 164. lenta (the opposite of rigida), made of flexible wood, which bends easily.-171. (in) urbe summa, èv tý áкρoñóλɛɩ—i. e. arce. -173. fasces, which were carried before the king, as afterwards before the consuls.—174. omen, in prose auspicia (regni). Erat with a lengthened (by the stress of the voice, aided here by the punctuation).-176. perpetuis, ranged in a long file, in longum continuatis. -178. cedro, without elision. [Ecl. x. 13.] Italus, an ancient king of the Enotrians. Sabinus or Sabus, first ancestor of the Sabines. — 179. vitisator, a word borrowed from the tragic poet Accius. 180. On Janus, cf. Ovid's Fasti, i. 90. 187. "lituus est incurvus augurum baculus, quo utebantur ad designanda cæli spatia. Quirinalem autem ex sua persona dixit poeta, qualem postea Quirinus habebat." Servius.-189. conjux for amica.-190. Pronounce aura; i. 698. Cf. Ovid, Metam. xiv. 320-396. — 196. auditi, i. e. quos or de quibus audivimus, fama noti.-203. i. e. æquam non vinculo vel necessitate legum (sed animo jubente). In the golden age, during Saturn's reign, there were no laws. Ovid, Metam. i. 89: "Aurea ætas vindice nullo, Sponte sua, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat.”—206. Aurunci (another form for Ausones), an ancient people of Campania, on the banks of the Liris, now Garigliano. Ut, wc, instead of the accus. and infin.-207. See iii. 167.—208. Still Samothraki.—209. Corythi. See iii. 170.— 211. addit for auget additis Dardani aris. - 215. fefellit (nos) completes the sense of sidus and litus, and shows that the poet means falsa observatio siderum et ignoratio litoris (cui appelleremus). -217. For ferimur ad hanc urbem.-225, 227. Periphrasis for audierunt totius terræ incolæ.—227. The torrid zone. Cf. Georg. i. 333. Construe: in medio plagarum quatuor.—235. Cicero writes to Julius Cæsar : 'manum tuam et victoria et fide præstantem.”—237. Pronounce precantja.—241. repetit, recalls.—243. dat, Æneas.— 252. picta (acu), embroidered; also 277.-254. sortem, the oracle. See 95.- -255. For hunc esse illum qui portendatur, &c. — 266. tyranni, in a good sense for regis. Pacis for fœderis.-272. See 255.-275. For stabatis. See 17.-282. dædala, ingenious. Patri, the sun, whose courses were divine and immortal.

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286-321. JUNO, IRRITATED AT THE GOOD FORTUNE OF THE TROJANS, PREPARES FRESH TRIALS FOR THEM.

286. Argos, a city consecrated to Juno (i. 24); it was built by Inachus, father of Io.-289. Pachyno. Juno passes over these regions in going from Argos to Carthage.-293. nostris, which my will imposes on them.-294, 295. An imitation of Ennius: "Quæ neque Dardaniis campis potuere perire, Nec, quum capta, capi; nec

quum combusta, cremari." The Romans repeated with pride the second of these lines, whose very antiquity may have somewhat dignified this play upon words. We believe, then, that it is wrong to blame the poet in this passage.-304, 305. "Pirithöus, Lapitharum rex, quum uxorem deduceret, vicinos populos Centauros, etiam sibi cognatos, et deos omnes, excepto Marte, ad convivium convocavit. Unde iratum immisit furorem, quo Centauri et Lapithæ in bellum venerunt." Servius.-305. in iras (exercendas), i. e. in ultionem.-306. Diana, slighted in a similar manner by Eneus, king of Calydon, in Ætolia. Cf. Ovid, Metam. viii. 270. -307. scelus. See ii. 229.-309. In prose in omnes partes.— 314. conjux (Enea destinata). 320. Hecuba, being pregnant with Paris, dreamt that she brought forth a torch. Ignes jugales (conjugales), a conflagration emanating from her marriage-bed, a son destined to destroy the kingdom.-321. idem, like Paris in every thing.

323-404. JUNO COMMISSIONS ALLECTO ΤΟ SOW DISCORD IN LATIUM. THE FURY CASTS A SNAKE INTO THE BOSOM OF QUEEN AMATA, WHO, SEIZED WITH ORGIACAL TRANSPORTS, CARRIES AWAY WITH HER THE LAURENTIAN WOMEN, AND DEVOTES HER DAUGHTER TO THE WORSHIP OF BACCHUS.

324. Allecto (the l doubled, as in Greek, to lengthen the a), the most terrible of the Furies, dira deæ.-333. loco cedere, used properly of soldiers forced to abandon their post.-337. tibi nomina mille. They gave the gods different surnames, corresponding to the different effect and manifestations of their powers; hence eos Toλvúvvμoc was synonymous with very powerful. -338. fecundum, inventive.-341. Gorgoneis venenis, i. e. venenis anguium, quales Gorgonis Medusa caput cingunt.-345. See the lines of Ennius with which Cicero begins his De Senectute.-346. cæruleis, an epithet of serpents given to the hair of Allecto entwined with snakes.-350. fallit inspirans, λavláveɩ eioπvéwr, for fallens eam, or clam inspirat.-363. at non sic, irony full of sarcasm: Per præsens penetrat res præterita ita in memoriam revocatur, ut quasi nunc geri fierique videatur." Wagner.-365. quid (est)? what is become of? Where is?-368. sedet: ii. 660. 370. sic dicere, say the same, understand it in the same way. -372. Acrisius, fourth king of Argos, father of Danaê. Мусепа = Græcia, true, pure Greece; the heart of Greece.-383. dant animos, sc. turbini. -385. For se Bacchico furore correptam esse simulans.-390. molles, being entwined with vine-leaves. Tibi, in honour of thee (Bacchus). The queen's daughter is the subject of sumere and the following infinitives.-391. i. e. choros circum te ducere. The god is regarded as present at his festivals.-393. nova lecta, the woods. 396. pelles, fawn-skins, veßpideç.—397. pinum for pineam facem.-399. torvum clamat, is an exceptional expression, for torvus is generally used of the countenance, not of the voice.404. talem ita.

Media

406-473. ALLECTO, APPEARING TO TURNUS IN A DREAM, ANNOUNCES TO HIM THE PRETENSIONS OF THE TROJANS, AND EXCITES HIM TO WAR. TURNUS CALLS THE RUTULI ΤΟ ARMS.

1

"Danae

409. Rutuli, Turnus.-410. See 372.-411. delata. postquam est a Jove vitiata, pater eam intra arcem inclusam præcipitavit in mare; quæ delata ad Italiam, inventa est a piscatoribus cum Perseo, quem illa enixa fuerat, et oblata regi Pilumno, qui eam sibi fecit uxorem, cum qua etiam Ardeam condidit: a quibus poeta vult Turnum originem ducere." Servius.— 413. fuit. See ii. 325.-417. obscenam: vi. 470.-419. For Junonii templi. See ii. 319.–425. ingratis, in a passive sense as in English, a thankless toil;' cujus nulla est gratia sive merces.430. in arma, i. e. ad pugnam.-433. dicto, his word, his promise. —435. orsa, passively.-436. invectas esse depends on nuntius.— 438. Imagine not that thou alarmest me with this news.-440. situ. Cf. vi. 462. Effeta, properly, worn out with childbearing hence, incapable of producing, and, in general, become incapable; veri, of seeing, of recognizing the truth. So x. 630, veri vana, mistaken, deceived as to the knowledge of the truth.443. cura (sit) tibi.-447. Erinys: ii. 337.-456. For in juvenem. -460. toro. See vi. 524.463. Cf. viii. 694, stuppea flamma: xi. 786, pineus ardor. Georg. iii. 145, saxea umbra. "This simile, if not very lofty, is at least very exact. All the expressions here employed to represent the boiling of the water, have become metaphors for anger in all languages." Delille. 464. aquaï. Cf. iii. 354.-466. se capit, i. e. se continet (in aheno).— 467. For violata. See v. 5.-470. satis, i. e. satis valentem adversus ambos.-473, 474. Different motives for yielding to the appeal of Turnus; his beauty, his birth, his proved valour.

475-509. TO RENDER WAR INEVITABLE, THE FURY, DURING THE CHASE OF ASCANIUS, STIRS UP A QUARREL BETWEEN THE TROJANS AND THE COUNTRY PEOPLE.

477. nova, new, not in itself, but relatively to the artifices already employed to excite Amata and Turnus.—478. insidiis. See Georg. iii. 371, 372.-479. Cocytia for Stygia Inferna.-482. prima caussa, must not be taken literally. In prose it would have been the occasion, that which led to the outbreak of hostilities. A poet can content himself with describing the first impression. -487. Tame.-497. cornu, the bow, here and Eclog. x. 59.- 498. erranti by prolepsis: nec deus afuit, ita ut (per hanc absentiam) dextra aberraret. See i. 659.-505. pestis, Allecto.-509. coactis, in prose adactis.

511-598. THE STRUGGLE COMMENCED, JUNO SENDS ALLECTO BACK TO HER DEN. THE PEOPLE PREPARE FOR WAR, IN SPITE OF LATINUS.

512. ardua, rising to a point.-516. Triviæ (vi. 69) lacus, the Lacus Aricinus, in which were a wood and a temple consecrated to Diana, now Lago di Nemi.-517. Nar, now Nera, a tributary of the Tiber. The Velino, descending from the Sabine mountains,

See

vocant

forms the Lacus Velinus, now Pie di Luco.-519. ad vocem. iii. 669.525. ferro ancipiti, i. e. bipennibus. S.-527. lacessita for percussa-528-530. See Georg. iii. 237-241.-532. fuerat, because it is spoken of one dead.—533. vulnus, the arrow. See ii. 529.-534. The general word is interclusit. Vitam for animam, the breath, which is the life.-536. medium, in the sense of mediatorem, which is not Latin.-538. redibant, i. e. from the fields into their stalls.-541. promissi facta potens (¿yrparʼns), having succeeded in what she promised to do.-546. dic, ironically, for frustra nunc dicas.-553. stant, in prose excitatæ sunt.- 554. "Novum dicitur omne quod primum fit vel incipit fieri." Wagner. -559. Tmesis for superest.-563. (in) medio Italia, in the country of the Hirpini, near Esculanum, now Tricenti.-565. am- for amb-, appi, i. e. circum; hence, Amsanctus = "omni parte sanctu." Servius. [It was a pestilential lake.]-568. spiracula Charoneas (sive Plutonias) scrobes mortiferum spiritum exhalantes." Pliny, Hist. Nat. ii. 95. Now Moffete. -571. levabat, relieved (of her presence).-577. et (in medio) igni, “id est, in ipso seditionis incendio et fervore." Servius.- 578. (dicens) Teucros, &c.—582. Martem fatigant, a short expression for precibus fatigando (Latinum) exposcunt bellum. 583. contra omina. See 64, &c.-584. fata deúm. See 96, &c. Perverso numine, i. e. pervertentes et conturbante voluntatem deorum.-586, 587. We cannot doubt that the poet intended to retouch this passage; unless, with some critics, we choose to regard 587 as an interpolation. — 590. refunditur involves the notion from the bottom of the sea.- - 591. cæcum, reckless. — 593. auras, heaven. Inanes, thin, unsubstantial. So "inania nubila." Georg. iv. 196.—595. has, i. e. hujus sceleris. See ii. 171.-598. portus (figuratively), security.

601-614. THE TEMPLE OF JANUS. JUNO HERSELF PUSHES

OPEN ITS GATES, WHICH LATINUS REFUSES TO Open. 603. For quam primum.-604-606. An allusion to the wars of Augustus.-607. The temple of Janus. See i. 294.-611. patres, the senate.-612. cinctu Gabino, i. e. toga sic in tergum rejecta, ut ima ejus lacinia a tergo recepta hominem cingat simul caput tegat et ambiat." Servius.-614. vocat, i. e. indicit. Sequitur is an allusion to the words which the consul pronounced on this occasion: "qui rempublicam salvam esse vult, me sequatur !"

623-799. THE SIGNAL FOR WAR IS GIVEN. ENUMERATION OF

THE ITALIAN NATIONS WHO ROSE TO FIGHT THE TROJANS.

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626. lucida, by prolepsis: quo fiant lucida.-630. Atina, a town of the Volsci, near the Melpis, now Melfa. Tibur, now Tivoli. Superbum: aut nobile; aut per transitum poeta tetigit illud, quod aliquando, quum a senatu auxilia poscerent Tiburtes cum commemoratione beneficiorum, hoc tantum a senatu responsum acceperunt: Superbi estis." Servius.-631. Ardea. See411. Crustumerium, a town of the Sabines, near the Tiber. Antemna, at the confluence of the Tiber and the Anio (683).-637. it, passes along the ranks.-639. trilicem. See iii.467.-644. quibus arserit armis, i.e. quam ardentes et strenuos bellatores habuerit.-645. For etenim meministis. A translation of Iliad ii. 485, 486.-647. Tyrrhena oræ,