Etruria.-652. nequidquam, for he was doomed to fall. Agylla, the ancient name of Core, now Cervetere or Cervetro.-653. latior, better contented, more reason to be satisfied with. We shall see (viii. 485) an instance of the orders (imperia) of Mezentius. -658. cinctam (his centum) serpentibus.-662. See viii. 201, &c. Tiryns, a city in Argolis, where Hercules was born.-663. The Tiber.666. torquens, twisting the extremities of the skin, to make himself a girdle of it (viii. 460), hence innexus, 669.-668. indutus (hoc).-671, 672. Three sons of Amphiaräus, the soothsayer of Argos.-674. The Centaurs, born from Ixion and the cloud, which Juno presented to him.-675. Two mountains in Thessaly. -678. Præneste, now Palestrina. Servius gives the necessary explanations of Caculus (one who blinked with his eyes on account of the smoke).-682. "Gabini diu in arvis morati tandem Gabios (vi. 773) condiderunt: unde perite arva dixit, non mœnia. Illic Juno religiosissime colitur." Servius.-683. Anio, now Teverone.-684. The rocky country of the Hernici. Herna, in the Sabine or Marsian language, meant a rock. Anagnia, the capital of the Hernici, still Anagni.-685. quos (tu pascis). The Amasenus flows through the territory of the Volscians; still Amaseno, and Fiume dell' Abazia.-687. glandes plumbi spargunt, slingers.-690. instituere, [nearly instituunt, like Greek aor. of an habitual action; "vestigia pedis sinistri nuda statuunt, ponunt." W.] Altera (vestigia) for alterum pedem. In battle they put the right foot foremost.-695. Fescennium and Falerii, anciently Æquum Faliscum, towns not far from the Tiber, in the south of Etruria, where is also the high mountain of Soracte, now Monte di San-Oreste. Flavina, or Flavinium, early destroyed; perhaps on the site of Tiano.-697. Capena now Civitella, at the foot of Soracte, on the slope of which is the sacred wood of Feronia. Lacus Ciminius, now Lago di Vico and Lago di Ronciglione.-709. Sabinis, under Titus Tatius.-710. Amiternum, now, probably, San-Vittorino (the native place of Sallust). Quirites, the inhabitants of the ancient city of Cures.-711. Eretum, on the Allia, now Monte Rotondo. Trebula Mutusca, site unknown.-712. Nomentum, now Montana. Campi Rosea, a very fertile plain on the banks of Lake Velinus, near Reate, now Rieti.-713, Tetricus, now Monte San-Giovanni. Mons Severus, probably Vissa.-714. Casperia or Casperula, a small town, now Aspra. Foruli, perhaps Civita Tomassa. The small river Himella falls into the Avens, now Aja.—715. Fabaris, now Farfa.-716. Nursia, now Norcia, the country of Sertorius. Horta, still Orta. Classis was used anciently of a land army, hence classicum. The Latins also inhabited some towns of the Sabines.-719. At the setting of Orion. See i. 535.-720. sole novo prima æstate.— 722. Schrader reads Libya for Lycia (a rocky country). -723. Agamemnonius, once Agamemnon's charioteer. raptim adducit. See Georg. ii. 143.727. Aurunci. See 206. -728. æquora for campi, the plain of Teanum Sidicinum, in Campania, now Teano. Cales, now Calvi.-729. Vulturnus, still Volturno. Saticulus for Saticulanus, an inhabitant of Saticula, once on the site of Caserta Vecchio.-731. flagello for amento, to draw back to one the javelin when shot.-734. Sebethis, daughter of

725. rapit for

Sebethus, a river near Naples, now Fiume della Maddalena.-735. The isle of Capreæ, now Capri, was peopled by the Teleboans, emigrants from Taphos, one of the Echinades, now Meganisi.— 738. Sarrastes, from the banks of the Sarras, another form of Sarnus, a river of Campania, now Sarno-739. Rufræ, now Lacosta Rofaria. Batulum seems to have been at a short distance from it, as also Celenna.-741. Now Avella vecchia. (Qui erant) soliti. Cateia (a Celtic word), a lance, javelin.—742. "Bene dixit raptus, quia recens suberis cortex in quamvis formam facile flectitur." Servius.-744. Nersæ, unknown. Some write Nursa, but Nursia has been already spoken of (716).-747. Æquicula, on the Teverone, on the eastern frontier of Latium.-750. Marruvium, a town of the Marsi, near the lake Fucinus, Lago di Celano. -753, &c. The Marsi were famous snake-charmers-759. Anguitiæ nemus or lucus, south of Lacus Fucinus, had received the name of Anguitia, sister of Medea.-761. Virgil is the only one who represents Virbius as the son of Hippolytus. See Ovid, Metam. xv. 479.-762. mater, his mother-country. See x. 172. Aricia, still Ariccia or La Riccia.—764. placabilis, in opposition to Diana of Tauris. 768. ad sidera and sub auras, to life. -769. Pronounce Paonjis, from Παιών, ὢνος, in Homer Παιήων, the physician of the gods.-773. Phœbigena, Asculapius, son of Apollo.-785. See vi. 288.-786. Ætnæos, which equal those of Etna.-789. See Georg. iii. 153. We have seen that Turnus was descended from Inachus.-795. Aur. See n. 206. Sicani. See xi. 316, sqq.-796. Sacrane acies, “Ardeatium esse volunt, qui aliquando quum pestilentia laborarent, ver sacrum voverunt: unde Sacrani dicti." Servius. Labicum, in Latium, now La Colonna.— 799. Anxur, a name given by the Volsci to the supreme god; hence, that of the town of Anxur, now Terracina.· -800. Feronia, an indigenous goddess, whom some gave as wife to Jupiter Anxur. The fountain and wood sacred to her were on the site of a tower now called Torre Otto-Faccia. - 801. Saturæ palus, probably a part of the Pontine Marshes, to the formation of which the river Uffente contributes.-804. For fulgentes, as Lucretius says, "bina lucernarum florentia lumina flammis." 807. pati, repeat assueta.-808. intactæ, i. e. quæ tangi non videatur.-814. regius honos, a purple robe.-816. The Lycians were excellent bowmen.-817. See Georg. ii. 447.

BOOK VIII.

1-65. LATIUM IS ROUSED. DEPUTIES ARE SENT TO DIOMEDE. ENEAS SEES IN A DREAM THE GOD OF THE TIBER, WHO ENCOURAGES HIM, AND BIDS HIM ASK AID OF EVANDER THE ARCADIAN, WHO WAS SETTLED ON THE VERY SITE ROME WAS ONE DAY TO OCCUPY.

3. impulit for movit.-4. animi (Latinorum).-9. Diomedes, on his return from Troy, being ill received at Argos (of which he had become king, through marriage with Ægialeia, daughter of Adrastus), betook himself to Italy with a colony of Æolians.

He was generously welcomed by Danaus, king of Apulia, and built the town of Argos Hippium, afterwards Argyrippa, and later Arpi, which name it still bears.-16. cupiat, expects, looks for. Ipsi, to him, more hated by the Trojans than either Turnus or Diomede could be. Diomede's answer given xi. 226.-18. Talia in variis partibus Latii (geruntur), 20, 21. See iv. 285, 286.-27. Poeticè for alitum.-30. dedit dididit.-37. revehis. See ii. 107, &c.; vii. 205, &c.- 43, &c. See iii. 390, &c.-48. cognomen, a name corresponding to alba sus.— 51. Pallas, son of Lycaon, first king of Arcadia.-52. signa (ejus).—53. montibus, on the Palatine. 61. victor, i. e. voti compos factus.-65. Rome. Exit for exibit, a prophecy so certain, that it was being fulfilled at the very

moment.

66-177. ENEAS SACRIFICES TO THE TIBER, AND ASCENDS THE RIVER TO PALLANTEUM, WHERE HE IS WELCOMED BY EVANDER, THEN CELEBRATING A FEAST IN HONOUR OF HERCULES.

69. He washed himself before praying.-74, 75. quocumque fonte te lacus (i. e. fluvius. See 66) tenet means ubicumque est fons, in quo te fluvius tenet, or in quo habitas. We have seen that the god of the river was supposed to reside at its source.-77. Corniger. Georg. iv. 371. Hesperidum for Italiæ.-89. For aquis or undis sternendis, complanandis efficeret æquor, a calm and even surface.-91. uncta, sc. pice, pitched, tarred.-94. Poeticè for remigratione assidua nec intermissa agunt noctem et diem. The poets say in like manner : cælum clamore fatigo, amnem remis fatigo, silvas venatu fatigo, rupes fatigant fluctus.-103. Hercules, son of Amphitryon.-108. remis involves the notion of the subject to be supplied for incumbere, sc. remiges.-111. ipse, in the sense of solus, as xi. 218.-114. A Græcism, Tives To Yévog.-118. superbo, ißpiσTIK, "quia superbum est profugos et iкéras pellere." W.-119. ferte nunciate.-124. inhæsit (ei).-130. The two families were descended from Jupiter. -131. oracula: vi. 96, &c.-139. fudit for enixa est.-143. non (per) legatos neque per artem, &c.—146. gens Daunia, probably the Rutuli, so named from Daunus, father of Turnus.- 157. Hesione, on the first capture of Troy was given to Telamon, king of Salamis, who married her. -160. flore for lanugine. - 165. Pheneum, an ancient town of the Azanians in Arcadia. There is still in those districts a village called Phonea.-166. Lyc. See vii. 816.-177. præcipuum toro, honoured before the rest by having the chief place assigned him.

184-302. EVANDER INFORMS ENEAS OF THE MOTIVE OF THE SOLEMNITY. STORY OF CACUS. END OF THE FESTIVAL.

190. Here begins the episode of Cacus, one of the most admirable passages of Virgil. Cf. Propertius, Eleg. ix. Book iv. Ovid, Fasti i. 543, &c., on this same story. It is agreeable and instructive to compare them with the author of the Æneid. Add to these the beautiful narrative of Livy i. c. 7.-196. superbis, an epithet which designates the character of the inmate, for monstri superbi, Tov vẞOLOTOV. 197. JN. ora tristi tabo (infecta).· 204. amnem, the banks of the Tiber.-207. stabulis, here and 213, for

227.

221. robur, the club.

pascuis. -212. For si quæreres. For obice.-228. Tirynthius. See vii. 662.—245. super for superne, from above. - 248. For insuetos ruditus edentem. 251. super (erat).—256. animis for præ ira See 228.—267. For atque fauces, quarum ignes jam exstincti erant.—268. minores = posteri.—269, 270. Two families in which the priesthood of Hercules was hereditary. Livy i. 7, ad fin.-271, 272. This ara Maxima was destroyed in the famous conflagration under Nero. Statuit, Hercules.-273. in munere laudum, in this sacrifice offered to the glory of Hercules. 274. For porrigite, i. e. libate: for the libation was made ex porrecta manu.-275. communem, by the alliance of the two peoples. Date = fundite.-276. bicolor, because the under part of the leaves is of a different colour from the upper. Herculea. See Eclog. vii. 61.285. ad cantus (faciendos) circum altaria. "Salii qui tripudiantes aras circumibant. Sunt autem Salii Martis (a Numa instituti) et Herculis." Servius. Macrobius has discussed this point of the antiquities. Saturnales iii. 12.-288, 289. Cf. Theocritus, Idyl. xxiv.-291. Eurytus, king of Echalia, in Euboea, had promised, and afterwards refused, his daughter Iole to Hercules; hence the hero's vengeance.-292. fatis ab Junone per odium ei impositis. — 293. The Centaurs. See vii. 674.-298. facies, monsters. The giant Typhoeus, whom Jupiter had precipitated into Tartarus.-299. rationis egentem, reft of reason; senseless through fright.—302. dexter, propitious.

306-368. ENEAS VISITS THE CITY OF EVANDER.

OF THE ROMAN SOIL.

ANTIQUITIES

310. faciles, i. e. mobiles.-315. "Hoc figmentum ortum est ex antiqua hominum habitatione, qui ante factas domos aut in cavis, arboribus, aut in speluncis manebant." Servius. It is rather a poetical mode of expressing gens prorsus agrestis; like ex scopulis, or duris cautibus natus (iv. 366), for a stern and merciless person. -317. For condere in horreis opes (ruris, frumenta).-318. asper victu, i. e. asperum et duro labore parandum victum præbens. 319. In saying primus the poet already had in mind what he only expresses 321, &c. Primus relates to the commencement of this worship.-322. composuit collegit.-326. decolor, degenerating. -329. For deposuit. It had successively the names of Hesperia, Ausonia, Enotria, Italia.-332. "Tiberinus in trajectu Albulæ amnis submersus, celebre ad posteros nomen flumini dedit." Livy i. 3.-336. Carmens, or Carmenta, a name given to Evander's mother, on account of the predictions (carmina) of her prophetic mind. In Greece she was called Nicostrata. 337. aram, at the foot of the Capitol. — 340. Ovid has developed this idea, Fasti i. 515.—343. rettulit, “appellavit: verba enim sunt notæ, quibus res quasi referimus, repræsentamus." Wagner. Lupercal, a grotto beneath Mount Parnassus. -344. Parrhasia, an ancient city of Arcadia. In Italy, says the poet, Pan is called Lupercus, as the Parrhasians call him Xúkalog, from Xúkoç, lupus.-345. " Evander Argum quendam excepit hospitio. Qui quum de ejus cogitaret interitu, ut ipse regnaret, Evandro hæc non sentiente,

socii intellexerunt, et Argum necarunt. Cui Evander et sepulcrum fecit et locum sacravit hospitalitatis causa." Servius.346. locum, at the foot of the Capitol.-353. nigrantem, surrounded by murky clouds. — 355, 358. "Fuit fama vetus de Janiculo et arce Saturnia, duobus antiquissimis oppidis in montibus Janiculo et Capitolino, olim Saturnio dicto." Heyne.-361. Carinæ, one of the most beautiful quarters of Rome.-363. It has held the great hero, who did not disdain to enter it. Capere, in this sense, is generally found with a negation: "non capient angustia pectoris tuæ tantam personam' (Cicero). "Orbis terrarum te non caperet" (Curtius).-368. Libystidis. See v. 37.

369-403. VENUS OBTAINS FROM VULCAN' ARMOUR FOR ENEAS.

375. debita, underst. vastari: quæ ex fato debebant vastari.— 382. et numen (tuum) mihi sanctum, arma rogo, two accus.- 383, 384. Thetis had obtained arms for Achilles, Aurora for Memnon. -391. rupta, i. e. erumpens. Cf. Georg. ii. 446, and Æn. ii. 416. -396. fuisset (tibi). 398, 399. Destiny cannot be changed, but it can be put off, as we have seen (vii. 315).—403. anima, the breath; wind of his bellows. After valent the suspended construction changes: it had begun with a view to the conclusion, id tibi promitto.

66

407-449. VULCAN'S FORGE.

407. abactæ, in prose exacta.-409. Minerva for lanificio, which that goddess had taught mankind.-414. Ignipotens, only found in Virgil.-416. The volcanic regions were regarded by the ancients as the domain which Vulcan occupied with his forges. 419. Ætnæa, like those of Etna.-423. hoc huc.-427. This construction is also allowed in prose. Cicero, pro Milone, ch. 4: Atqui si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quæ multa sunt. 429. imber tortus, hail. —432. iras, impetuosity. - 434. instare aliquid, i.e. urgere, festinare aliquid, is rarely used. Nævius had said: Instat mercaturam: spero, rem faciet. — 435. turbate, agitated, enraged.-436. For squamis aureis. Polibant = ornabant.-438. Medusa's head, cut off by Perseus. Ovid, Met. iv. ad fin.-441. usus for opus est. 442. magistra, who teaches how to execute a work. 448. orbes, round plates. 449. impediunt, fasten and interlace them one within the other. For what follows, cf. Georg. iv. 171, 175.

456-510. EVANDER ADVISES ENEAS TO JOIN THE TYRRHENIANS IN ARMS AGAINST MEZENTIUS, AND PROMISES HIM HIS SON AND FOUR HUNDRED HORSEMEN.

458. Tyrrhena vincula. "Dicit crepidas, quas primo habuere senatores, post, equites Romani, nunc milites." Servius. - 459. Tegeæum Arcadium, from Tegea, a town in Arcadia.-460. See vii. 666.-461. A cottage, tectum humile (455), et angustum (366), may well have altum limen, as may often be seen in mountainous countries. The poet, therefore, is neither inconsistent nor forgetful.-463. secreta, a retired spot, where he might converse in secret with Æneas.-472. tanto (quantum tu habes).—475. Evander means to speak of Etruria alone; but this country was