áλvoidwróg, a coat of mail, made of gold in three threads, tribus liciis, in Greek тρíμiтov.-469. See 333. Æneas had already possessed a trophy, de Danais victoribus, 288.-472. aptare instruere, by unfurling them; for when they are furled round the yards, it is as though there were none. See iv. 482; viii. 80.-476. bis. Cf. ii. 642.-477. arripe, properly, ad (te) rape, corripe, seize, make yourself master of.—484. honori (ab Heleno præstito hospitibus, donis Heleni).-489. super, væεроvσα (superens), one of the numerous cases in which the want of a participle of esse is felt in Latin.490. " Voilà ses yeux, ses traits, et déjà son audace," Racine, Andromache.-499. obvia, exposed.-503. For Epirum, Hesperiam. The poet, for variety, has put the ablat., for there are two modes of expression, aliquid facere aliquid, and aliquid facere aliquo (of any thing).-506. Ceraunia, now Monti della Chimera.-510. sortiti remos after having rowed; for which they drew lots, as may be seen from Propertius: "Nunc agite, o socii, propellite in æquora navem, Remorumque pares ducite sorte vices." Others explain it, after drawing lots for these duties against the morrow..—512. horis acta, which advances in proportion as the number of the hours increases.-517. auro, because both Orion's belt and sword were studded with the most brilliant stars.— - 518. constare, i. e. composita et tranquilla esse.-522. obscuros, half-concealed under a veil of vapours. The convexity of the sea, which follows the figure of the globe, enables us to understand how Italy, in the distance, appeared low to them. D.-529. facilem (redditam) vento, by favorable winds.-530. portus, Veneris, now Porto Badisco, the port of the town of Castro (Calabria), anciently Arx or Castrum Minerva.— 533. Eurous, an adj. singularly formed from Eurus, found only in this place.-535. latet, at a distance they saw this harbour open (patescit, 530); nearer it is concealed behind the rocks, and the temple itself seems to grow distant, from the effect of its lofty situation.-540. bello, dat.-549. velatarum, "sailed" -sail-laden. Obvertimus (mari).-551. Taras, son of Neptune, passed generally for the founder of Tarentum. Another fable, less known, made him descend from Hercules; Virgil therefore adds si vera est fama. — 552. diva Lacinia, the temple of Juno Laciniensis, on cape Lacinium, now Capo delle Colonne, so called from the ruins of the temple.-553. Caulon, or Caulonia, in Bruttium, built by the Crotonians, afterwards called Castrum Vetrium, now Castro Vetere. Scylaceum, or Sylletium, at a short distance from Castro, now Squillace. These towns were placed on promontories dangerous for navigators.-557. æstu (agitata) arenæ miscentur (cum fluctibus).- 560. eripite, sc. naves e periculo.— 561. rudentem" stridentem et sonantem in tempestate." Servius.-567. rorantia, whence the foam falls back in spray or rain. -569. i. e. Siciliæ litoribus. Cf. Lucret. vi. 690, &c.-578. Enceladus, one of the giants who, according to the fable, scaled heaven. Struck down by Minerva with a thunderbolt, he was buried beneath Etna.-579. insuper impositam, a kind of pleonasm, like retro referri.-588. Eous, 'Eos (ȧornp), the morning star, Lucifer.

593-650. ADVENTURES OF THE GREEK ACHEMENIDES.

593. immissa, explained by these words of Ovid: immissa protectum pectora barba Hippason; more frequently demissa and promissa. -595. in armis for indutus arma.— -605. spargite Servius explains by discerptum dispergite. It seems as if Virgil only meant to say, "fling me at haphazard, here or there, into the sea." - 606. pereo, without elision.-607. volutans se volutans.-611. pignore præsenti (efficacious, powerful) is nothing but data dextra.-614. nomen (mihi est) Achem.-615. fortuna, my poverty. He had followed Ulysses to enrich himself in the war, like Sinon. See ii. 87-617. Ulysses's adventure in the cave of the Cyclops is well known from Odyss. ix. and Metam. xiii. xiv.-618. Ablat. of quality, for domus infecta sanie, or saniem habens, as Aulus Gellius explains it, v. ch. 8.-619. sidera pulsat, an exaggeration indicative of fright.-637. Phoebi lampas, the sun.-643. vulgo = passim.— 644. Cyclopes: -ěs short, like Kúkλwπɛg. — 650. Herbs plucked up by the roots.

659-678. POLYPHEMUS AND THE CYCLOPES.

659. trunca pinus manu (gesta) regit (eum).— 663. inde = ex his.-667. sic merito, who had deserved (through the excess of his misfortune) to be thus treated, thus welcomed by us.-669. vox is also used of the sound made by inanimate objects.-670. affectare (navem) = attingere.-678. For (usque) ad cælum alta.

682-717. THE TROJANS, AFFRIGHTED, COAST THE SOUTHERN SHORE OF SICILY, AND LAND AT DREPANUM. THE DEATH OF ANCHISES.

682. For in quemcumque locum (præter hunc portum).-683. excutere rudentes (see 267), to cast off the hawsers, expresses the general idea of putting to sea.-685. utramque viam (esse viam) periculosissimam, an idea expressed by leti discrimine parvo, where the most trifling deviation would destroy us. Utramque, the route too near Scylla, and the route too near Charybdis. Others read or explain differently these three lines, 684-686, which leave much to desire as to neatness of expression. Some critics also regard them as an interpolation. This is rather one of those passages which Virgil intended to have revised. We catch a glimpse of the poet's idea, but discover no motive for interpolation.-686. dare lintea vela.-689. Pantagias, or Pantachus, a small river, the embouchure of which, near Megara, is surrounded with rocks, now Fiume di Porcari. Megara, or Hybla Parva, to the north of Syracuse, gave its name to the sinus Megarensis, Golfo di Augusta. Thapsus, a little island in this gulf, "plana et pæne fluctibus par," says Servius, now Bagnoli.-690. errata for pererrata, errando emersa, from the course of Ulysses. But this hero did not pass along this coast. Wagner, therefore, by the aid of other arguments still more decisive, has proved, that these two lines were inserted by some grammarian, who wished to explain how Æneas could know the names of these places.-691. This gulf afterwards formed one of the harbours of Syracuse, Magnus Portus,

now Porto Maggiore.-693. Inμμúpiov, from #λýμμvọɑ, flux, a promontory at the entrance of this gulf.-694. Ortygia, afterwards the quarter of Syracuse called Nésos, the island. For the story of Alpheus and Arethusa, see Ovid, Metam. v. 513, &c.—696. ore for fonte.-698. The Helōrus, at first rapid, slackens its course on approaching its embouchure. In winter, its swollen waters are driven back by the waves of the sea. They then inundate the fields and leave a rich deposit. This difference between the two parts of its course, explains the double name which the river now bears, Atellaro, and near its mouth Abisso.—700, 701. Now Camarana. Virgil alludes to this: there is a marsh near a town of the same name, concerning which, on its being dried up, and creating a pestilence in consequence, Apollo answered, when consulted whether they ought to drain it entirely: μὴ κίνει Καμάριναν ȧкívητos yàp ȧutivwv. Disregarding this answer, they drained the marsh, and, though freed from the plague, paid the penalty of their disobedience by the enemy entering on that side. Servius. -701. campi Geloi, Teλo, from Gela, a river and city of the same name on its banks, now Fiume di Ghizzo and Terra Nuova.— 702. Immanis. [Wagner encloses this line in brackets.] Unger corrects in manibusque (proxima nobis est). Gela was also called Lindus. 703. Acragas, the Greek name for Agrigentum, now Girgenti.-704. magnanimúm, because these steeds aspired, so to speak, to the victories in the great games of Greece. Indeed, the victory of the steeds sent thither by Theron to dispute the prize, was sung by Pindar. Remark that quondam, "one day," here indicates a future time.-705. Selinonti, destroyed B. c. 249. Its ruins, still considerable, are near Torre di Polluce. Palmosa. See the Verrine Oration de Suppliciis, chap. 33, §87.-706. Lilybaum, the third of the promontories which have given Sicily the name of Trinacria, now Capo Boco, on the west, towards Africa.707. Drepanum, a maritime town beneath mount Eryx, now Trapani Illætabilis, because this coast, covered with piled-up sandbanks, is very sterile.-716. unus, for he alone spoke.—717. fata divům, gen. with active signification, which the gods had fixed. Cf. fata Jovis, iv. 614.

BOOK IV.

1-89. DIDO, HAUNTED BY THE IMAGE OF ENEAS, CONFIDES HER LOVE TO HER SISTER, WHO URGES HER TO ATTACH HIM TO HER. DIDO GIVES WAY TO HER PASSION.

1. cura = amore.-2. cæco occulto.-10. novus, extraordinary, different from what one generally sees happen.-11. quem = qualem.-14. For (a se) exantlata, tolerata narrabat.-18. tædæ nuptiarum.-23. "De mes feux mal éteints j'ai reconnu la trace." Racine, Phædra.-31, &c. All this speech may be compared to Enone's in the Phædra. D.—32. i. e. mærore carperis.—35. agram, from regret for the loss of Sichæus.-36. Libya depends on mariti. The abl. Tyro is also related to it, in the sense of

Tyro oriundi. Cf. Cæsar-Cn. Marius Cremonâ Cremonensis; x. 183.325. Iarbas. See Justin, xviii. 6.-38. "Combattrez-vous encore un penchant qui vous plaît?" Racine.-40. Gætuli, a people near the Numidians, on the south.-41. infreni, or (as Silius says) gens nescia freni, who know not the bit. Syrtis, properly said of the two gulfs, Sydra and Capos. Here it means the country around them, which was infested, from the earliest times, by the brigandage of the Nasamones-hence inhospita.-42. siti, from want of water.-43. Barcai, a city of Cyrene, east of the greater Syrtis, afterwards Ptolemais.-46. cursum tenere, to take such a direction. Some editors have put huc, which better suits prose.-47. For quantum and quanta.-49. rebus (gestis).— 50. posce veniam = favorem; propitios redde precibus. 51. For hospitibus.—56. pacem, absence of all hostility, the goodwill of the gods. Per, because they passed from one altar to the others, offering a sacrifice at each.-60. pateram fundit = vinum e paterá. By this libation on a certain part of the head, the victim was consecrated to the god.- 62. To explain spatiatur, Servius makes this remark: "Matrona sacrificaturæ circa aras, faculas tenentes, ferebantur quasi cum quodam gestu."-63. The poet has changed the sacrificial expression instaurare sacra, "to repeat the sacrifice," into instaurat diem donis (for sacrificiis offerendis). She renews (the celebration of the) day by repeated sacrifices. We find even in Livy: " plebeiis ludis biduum instauratum est (xxiii. 36)." -65. vatum, or, more exactly, extispicum, relates, after all, to Dido alone. A mind agitated by passion does not obey the fibres of the victims. Vota for sacrificia ex voto diis oblata.-66. est= edit.-70. Cressa, a peculiar form of the feminine, has ss. Only one is wanted in Cresius, Kphotos, for Creticus. -72. nescius, not knowing that his shaft had struck.-81. premit, suppresses, conceals.-82. relictis, sc. ab Ænea, Minæ murorum, i.e. muri qui minantur in cælum, as the poet expresses it i. 162.89. machina, turres per murum dispositæ. W.

94-128. JUNO SEES THE SNARE INTO WHICH DIDO HAS FALLEN. SHE PROPOSES TO VENUS TO UNITE HER TO ENEAS. VENUS PRETENDS TO ACQUIESCE.

94. memorabile (understood fit or est); numen, divinity (nomen is found only in MSS. of the second and third order).-98. quo, to what purpose?-104. permittere dextræ, to give into thy hand, to administer. 107. est ingressa incepit.-110. The idea indicated by fatis is completed by the words which follow, incerta feror, as if she had said fatis quæ ignoro, or ignoratione fatorum.-115. mecum erit iste labor recalls the Greek construction ἐμοὶ συνέσται οὗτος ỏ Tóvo, shall stand, as it were, by me; shall be my task.-117. miserrima, because in Latin they said miserè amare. 119. Titan, Helios, or Sol, son of the Titon Hyperion.-121. ale, the penna punicea mentioned Georg. iii. 372.-128. repertis (a Junone).

130-170. DURING A HUNTING PARTY, UNDER FAVOUR OF A STORM, WHICH DISPERSES THE HUNTERS, JUNO UNITES ENEAS AND DIDO.

130. For exit.-131. rara opposed to densa, with large meshes.

See Horace, Epod. ii. 33.-132. Massyli, inhabitants of the eastern part of Numidia; in poetry often used for Afri in general. "And the scent of the hounds;" poetic for good hunting dogs. 138. nodantur in aurum, the knot of her hair held together by a gold brooch.-139. fibula, the clasp which buckles the girdle.142. For agmini se adjungit. See ii. 267.-143. Xanthus, not the Scamander, but the largest river in Lycia, which waters Patăra, a city celebrated for its temple of Apollo. Here the god passed the winter. In spring he fixed his abode at Delos, where his arrival was celebrated by great festivals, of which Virgil here speaks. 146. At this period, processions (Oewpiai) from all parts of Greece betook themselves to Delos, and even from the country of the Hyperboreans, whom Virgil here calls Agathyrsi, a people of Transylvania; picti, tatooed, " qui ora artusque pingunt iisdem omnes notis, et sic, ut ablui nequeant." Pomp. Mela ii. ch. 1. Dryopes, a people of Doris.-148. He wears his laurel crown and diadem of gold.-158. dari (sihi) = obviam fieri.—166. prima for primum. "There is a tradition, that Tellus presides over marriages; for she is invoked in the marriage auspices; and to her even virgins, either when they have set out for their husband's house, or when already deposited there, offer sacrifice under different names, and with various rites." Servius.-167. conscius is also used with a dat. of the thing, e. g. tot viros... esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios, in the Verrine Oration de Signis, ch. 56, § 124. "The ancients were said ululare even in their sacred rites, from the Grecian custom (óλoλúžev). The nymphs, therefore, ulularunt, as though celebrating the sacred rites of marriage." Servius.-170. specie, decency.

173-289. FAME EXCITES THE WRATH OF IARBAS, SLIGHTED BY DIDO. HE COMPLAINS TO JUPITER, WHO SENDS MERCURY TO ORDER ENEAS TO SET OUT FOR ITALY.

173. For this portrait of Fame, Virgil has borrowed some features from that of Eris, Iliad iv. 460. The description of our poet has inspired Ovid (Metam. xii. 39), Statius (Thebaid. iii. 426), Valerius Flaccus (Aug. ii. 116), and many modern poets, among whom Delille gives the preference to J. B. Rousseau, Ode au Prince Eugène.-176. primo (est) parva metu, from fear of appearing false.-178. ira deorum for in deos, when they hurled into Tartarus the sons of the earth, the Titans.-179. Cœus, one of the Titans. Enceladus. See iii. 578.-193. hiemem, quam longa (est) = totam hiemem. Cf. viii. 86, and Ovid: "Et vacuus somno noctem, quam longa, peregi." Hiemem fovere = transigere fovendo (se) molliter vivendo.-198. Iarbas had introduced into Africa the worship of Jupiter Ammon.-200. vigilem, in prose perennem.201. A priest watched over this fire, which never went out.202. Understand erant. 206. Mauretani.-209. cæci, elsewhere, concealed; here, whose force is concealed, whose effects are not perceived. 212. pretio, by purchasing the land. See i. 367.213. loci leges, the power over this place. 215. "This (second) Paris." Semiviro relates to the priests of Cybele, the great goddess of Phrygia. See ix. 617, &c.-216. Mæonia, the ancient name of Lydia, next to Phrygia; by extension M. mitra for Phrygia mitra,