hears, are described by a comparison.-311. volcano — igne.— 312. For domus Ucalegontis. The promontory of Sigeum is to the north of the mouth of the Scamander.-314. There was no great reason to take up arms: of what use is fighting, in the confusion of a fire?-315. Tacitus also has said: legiones in orbem glomerare. Bello, dat., to offer resistance. 317. succurrit, generally subit (animum esse) pulchrum, &c.—318. Пávloog, contracted IIávovs: u is a diphthong.-319. arcis Phœbique, Apollo, whose temple was on the citadel.-321. ad limina, towards the house of Æneas.-322. res summa, the empire, the state. Quo loco, as in French où en est ? what is become of?-Quam prendimus arcem? What citadel do we now take, i. e. occupy? The flight of the priest announced to Æneas that the citadel was in the hands of the enemy, and there was only one in Troy.-326. Argos, in Greece, for ad Græcos.329. miscere is said of actions directed towards several points at once, or in rapid succession: plurimis locis facit incendia.-331. (tot) millia quot. The number of Greeks who entered the gates seemed to equal that which set out from Greece at the commencement of the war.-333. oppositi, scil. fugientibus Trojanis. -335. cæco Marte for nocturna pugna, a fight in which the combatants could not distinguish each other.-337. 'Epivic, not Erynnis, with two n's; in Latin Furia, the deity who inspires the fury and deadly ardour of the warrior.-341. Neuter for se adjungunt.-342. Mygdon, king of Phrygia, which from him was called Mygdonia by the poets. - 345. furentis, in prophetic ecstasy.-347. audere in for audentem, or audacia incensum esse ad prælia (subeunda).—348, super, "insuper, quam (per se) audebant." Servius. Incipere is used in prose also for to begin to speak. His, dative.—349. (me) audentem extrema.-354. This line contains a great truth. To fight "like a desperate man" has become a proverb.-356. Let us observe that the first part of the narrative of the sack of Troy is put in the mouth of Hector; the second in that of the priest of Apollo; the rest in that of Æneas: hence the variety so necessary in a long recital. D.-360. umbra cava, "hollow," because every thing enters into the darkness, it envelopes every thing.-364. inertia, those who do not defend themselves, women, old people.-377. A construction imitated from the Greek, in which it is regular, for sensit se delapsum esse. -378. retro is often added to verbs compounded with re.379. For asperis.—381. "Working up his fury," poetic, for "working himself into fury."-388. In prose we should say, "ostendit se dextram," propitious.-391. After participles we often find particles, which indicate the succession of the action (deinde, tum, sic), and which, grammatically, are redundant. But we may feel the effect of them, which is to animate, or colour the style.-394. "Videtur major quædam dignitas Dymanti a poeta tribui; id enim significat pronomen ipse; itaque sæpe Jovis, aliorum etiam deorum, et ducum nominibus adjicitur." Wagner. -396. haud nostro means non nobiscum faciente, not on one side, not favorable to us, but the contrary. Even in prose, this use of the possessive is known, e.g. "utebatur populo svo" (i.e. ipsi dedito et faventi). Cicero.-402. Fas (est).-409. armis, ablat.

denso agmine.-414. Ajax Oïleus. The great Ajax was dead. -416. raptus qui prorupit. 418. equis. Cf. Horace, Od. i. 3. 44. 425. The full force of the epithet armipotens has not been remarked; though armed, Minerva could no longer protect her sanctuary.-428. A man so just and pious might have expected a better fate; but diis aliter visum.—429. See 319, &c.434. manu, a modest expression for audacia et fortitudine pugnandi.

441-504. THE ASSAULT AND CAPTURE OF PRIAM'S PALACE.

441. testudo, Greek, ovvaomioμós, and below aries, things well known to readers of Cæsar. One party try to reach the roof of the palace, to enter thereby; the other, to force the gates.443. ad adversus. · 446. ultima, their end. 450. obsederunt, posted themselves before.-451. Æneas had said above (315) concurrere in arcem cum sociis ardent animi. At the sight of the attack on the palace, this design is immediately resumed: instaurati animi, followed by the infinitives.-453. cæca fores, secret doors. Pervius usus, an internal communication.-457. soceros, Priam and Hecuba.-463. ferro, iron levers. Labantes juncturas, joints more easy to shake.-469. Pyrrhus Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.471. in lucem belongs to convolvit.-474. But being too far from the verb, the same idea is repeated at the end of one of the terms, ad solem, 475.-477. armiger, the squire or shield-bearer of Pyrrhus. The son of Achilles had brought to Troy some troops which had been given him by his grandfather, Lycomedes, king of Scyros.479. ipse. See note on 394.- 498. cumulo. See i. 105.501. centum nurus, fifty daughters-in-law, and fifty daughters, nearly all married. 503. quinquaginta thalami. See Iliad vi. 243. — 504. barbarus and barbaricus have often, in the Greek and Latin poets, the peculiar signification of Phrygius. We must not seek to explain this word by a barbaris capto, under the plea that Eneas would not have used the word barbarians in speaking of his country. The use of it is formal. Andromache, in the tragedy of Ennius, expresses herself in the same way: "O Priami domus! vidi ego te, adstante ope barbarica, tectis cælatis, auro ebore," &c.

512-558. THE DEATH OF PRIAM.

512. Virgil alludes to the altar of Jupiter Herceius, Zevs "Еprelos (from prog, the inclosure of the house), placed in the court, in front of the grand entrance of the house. But to insure the effect of his story on his Roman readers, he substitutes for the eastern forms certain details of Roman customs. In the midst of the various divisions of the building (mediis in ædibus), the Romans had a court named the Impluvium, in which stood, in the open air, the altar of the Penates. The poet here substitutes this sanctuary of the Roman house for the Ζεὺς Ερκειος of the Greeks.-522. non, understand defenderet, or posset defendere ; the notion derived from defensoribus.-529. The poets sometimes use vulnus for telum (quo vulnus infligitur).—531. evasit, arrived, reached.—537. grates, præmia, ironically, for pœnas. — 541. in

hoste, is expressed by in the case of his enemy; as in Sallust: "in amicis fideles erant; misericordes in furibus ærarii," &c.-542. erubescere aliquid means, properly, to blush at any thing, as in these words of Seneca: "Grammaticus non erubescit solœcismum, si sciens facit; erubescit si insciens." Here Achilles blushed at the rights of the suppliant; showed some shame at them; respected them.-544. sine ictu, without (being able to) strike a blow.— 548. Pelida, Achilles, son of Peleus. Tristia, fatal (for thee).— 556. For tot populorum terrarumque imperio superbum; the idea implied in regnatorem.-558. sine nomine, rendered undistinguishable, and, so to speak, nameless, by the loss of his head.

562-619. ENEAS, IN DESPAIR, IS BLINDED BY REvenge. HIS MOTHER RECALS HIM TO HIS FAMILY; AND, REMOVING THE VEIL WHICH COVERS THE EYES OF MORTALS, REVEALS TO HIM THE GODS THEMSELVES LABOURING FOR THE RUIN OF TROY.

562. Creusa, the wife of Æneas.-565. Æneas, with his troop, was on the roof of the palace (458).—567–588. These twenty-two lines are found neither in the ancient and good MSS., nor in any of the copies used by the grammarians. A note of Servius tells us, that Tucca and Varius had suppressed them, as being at variance with what is recorded Book vi. 510, &c.-569. The daughter of Tyndarus, Helen.-574. aris, on the steps of the altar.-576. For a scelerata sumere pœnas.—579. conjugium = conjugem, Menelaus, who was at Troy; patres parentes (her father, Tyndarus, was dead); natosque, she had only Hermione. Wagner was right to suppress this line, which the poet could not have written.-583. memorabile nomen, honour, glory.-585. nefas = nefariam; merentis = a merente. 587. Explere flammæ, a Greek construction for flamma.-591. confessa deam; Ovid uses the same expression in the story of Europa: "Jamque deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri, se confessus erat."-595. nostri cura, thy love for me (which would have made thee feel thy duties towards thy father).-602. Some MSS. read "verum inclementia divûm;" but the absence of the adversative particle (replaced by an energetic intonation of the voice), and the redoubling of divúm, peculiarly enhance the force of these words directed against a false conviction. - 604, &c. See Iliad 5, 127, &c.-606. parentis, fem.616. Under other circumstances effulgens could not agree with nimbo. Here it is lightened by the reflexion of the fire. Gorgone. See viii. 437, 438.-619. eripe fugam rape (for accelera) fugam ex (his) ruinis.

625-714. ENEAS, ABANDONING TROY TO ITS FATE, THINKS OF FLEEING WITH HIS FOLLOWERS. CERTAIN HEAVEN-SENT PRESAGES TRIUMPH OVER THE RESISTANCE OF ANCHISES, AND ANNOUNCE THE GREATNESS OF IULUS.

625. Neptune had built the walls of Troy.-632. deo, a generic word, in which dea is included.-639. suo, in opposition to the external aid, by which the old man was to be sustained.-640. agitate (animo), deliberate, prepare. - 642. una, the capture of

Troy by Hercules, under king Laomedon.-644. affati, having addressed to him, according to custom, the thrice repeated vale.645. manu, sc. hostili. Miserebitur, he will compassionately grant me the boon of death, which I ask.-648. demoror annos, I am delaying the years;' years which should and would have quitted me, if they had been permitted, after &c.-649. Some of the ancient philosophers looked upon the thunderbolt as a fiery ventum igneum.-651. nos contra, sc. instabimus.-652. For evertere, perdere.-653. urgenti incumbere, to push any thing, which of itself is advancing rapidly enough.-681. We say in the hands and before the eyes.'-683. apex, a flame which terminates in a point or tongue of fire. The same prodigy had predicted royalty to Servius Tullius. Livy i. ch. 39.-690. hoc, in this (which this prodigy announces). [= τοῦτο μόνον ἡμᾶς ἐπίβλεψον. Κ.]. Anchises had learnt from Venus the science of augury. - 693 -698. The picture of a falling star. It represents faithfully this meteor, if we except the smell of sulphur, which may ac company a thunderbolt, but not a shooting star. "All these prodigies consecrate more and more, and in a manner render divine the family of Anchises, from whom were to spring the Romans, and the imperial race of the Cæsars." D.-705. clarior ignis auditur, for clarior strepitus ignis.-707. imponere, imperative, with a middle force.. -711. longe, for e longinquo, going together, they would have excited the attention of the enemy.— 714. deserta, no longer visited and adored in this ruined temple, which stands there as in a desert. "These ruins, this antiquity transport the imagination to the first ages of that city, devoured by flames, to this day, and suggest to the reflexion at once its cradle and its tomb." D.

727-804. ENEAS, PURSUED IN HIS FLIGHT, LOSES CREUSA. HE RETURNS TO TROY, WHERE CREÜSA APPEARS TO HIM, AND ANNOUNCES, THAT SHE IS BECOME THE COMPANION OF CYBELE; AND THAT HE IS DESTINED TO FOUND A MIGHTY EMPIRE ON THE TIBER. ENEAS RE-SEEKS THE COMPANIONS OF HIS FLIGHT.

727. adverso for hostili.-731. evasisse viam = evadendo (pericula) peregisse.—735. male amicum = inimicum.—736. For eripuit mentem ita ut confunderer animo. See n. on 200.-737. regione, in its primitive meaning, direction. 743. hic demum defuit. "'Twas there I first perceived that she was missing, and had disappeared unknown to all (fefellit)."—750. stat, or, with the phrase completed, stat sententia, is used, when, ceasing to vacillate, our will or opinion remains fixed and determined.-754. lumine

oculis.-755. animos (terret).-761. The temple of Juno, on the citadel, was a place of asylum.-764. Wagner reminds us, that Pausanias mentions a table placed in the temple of Juno, at Olympia. But it is to be believed that the poet derived this peculiarity from what he saw in the Roman temples. There the gods had their tables, which were served at the ceremonies called lectisternia, and sellisternia.—773. nota (imagine) major. Romulus, too, after his mysterious disappearance, appeared to Julius Pro

culus humano major. Ovid. Fast. ii. 503.-774. stetĕrunt.-779. fas for fatum.-780. exsilia, supply obeunda sunt; for arandum only applies to the second term, in the sense of sulcandum, used elsewhere, to plough the sea.- -781. Lydius. The Tiber rises in Etruria, which was supposed to have been peopled by the Lydians. See Horace, Sat. i. 6.-782. Thybris, the ancient mode of spelling, which the poets preserved. "Arva virúm, imitated from the ̓́Εργα ἀνδρῶν οἱ ἀνθρώπων, of Homer and Hesiod. Æneas, therefore, is not to go into a desert land, but into a land cultivated by human industry, θάλλουσαν ἔργοις ávoрúπшv." Wagner.-786. matribus = matronis.—788. magna deûm Mater, Cybele. This great Phrygian goddess had received Creüsa amongst the nymphs who accompany her. Cybele and Venus were said to have delivered her from captivity. See Pausanias x. c. 26.-791. Conf. the disappearance of Eurydice. Georg. iv. 499. 798. exsilio, dat. Pubem is in apposition to viros. Below (vii. 219), Virgil called the Trojan people Dardana pubes.-799. opibus, not riches, but the talents, and all the resources they possessed, and which they placed at the disposal of Æneas.-802. = adducebat.-804. montes, Ida. See above, 635, 636, and iii. 6.

BOOK III.

4-67. ENEAS EMBARKS WITH HIS COMPANIONS. ON THE BORDERS OF THRACE THE GHOST OF POLYDORUS WARNS HIM TO AVOID THE STATES OF THE BARBAROUS POLYMESTOR. HE RE-EMBARKS, AFTER PAYING THE DUE HONOURS TO THE

DEAD.

4. diversa exsilia loca exsilii in terræ partibus (Troja) oppositis, in the countries on the other side of the sea, which borders Asia. Desertas, where there was room to establish themselves. Servius says, we must supply the words a Dardano, and understand Italy (see i. 380, note); but line 7 does not seem to allow of this interpretation.-6. Antandrus, a maritime town at the foot of Ida. Remark the change from the ordinary phrase, "dare ventis vela.”—10. quum is put here, and vi. 91, for et tum, as often qui, for et is.-12. Construe: et magnis dis Penatibus. "This spondaic line, though terminated by a monosyllable, has something majestic about it." D.-13. We have already seen that Thrace was consecrated to Mars.-14. The Lycurgus who expelled Bacchus. See Iliad 6, 130.-15. socii Penates (publici), allied countries.-17. ingressus (Thraciam).-20. nitentem = pinguem, sleek.-23. The ancients made javelins of myrtle wood, for myrtus validis hastilibus (bona est)." Georg. ii. 447. The choice of this expression is explained by 45, 46. Horrida. See n. 165 on Bk. i.-32. For pergo. Cicero joins these two words: pergam et insequar longius.-35. Gradivus pater, a surname of Mars, from gradus, the position, or posture, of a combatant.-36. secundarent

66

secundum redderent. Similarly, levarent = leve redderent. (et