Hercules had given her as a prize of honour to Telamon (yέpac), on the first capture of Troy.-630. "This line is justly celebrated. It perfectly expresses a truth felt by refined minds, that misfortune is the school of sensibility." D.-632. indicit honorem, orders a sacrifice. See 49.-635. terga suum for sues; because the back and the thighs, attached to it, were the only portions put upon the spit. They threw away the rest of the animal.-636. dii diei, according to the testimony of Aulus Gellius [ix. 14].-639. vestes, tapestry.640. argentum, silver plate.-644. rapidum præmittit Achaten, that he may arrive before the envoys of Dido, 633.645. ferat for nuntiet. -648. signis auroque for signis (figures) auro textis.-650. Argivæ et Mycenis (says Servius) " a vicinitate dixit:" for Helen was a Lacedæmonian, and not an Argive; she quitted Sparta, the abode of Menelaus, and not Mycenae, that of Agamemnon. Argive is an imitation of Homer: 'Apyɛinv 'EXévny, which means Grecian.-653. Ilionê, married to Polymnestor, king of Thrace, represented by Euripides in the Hecuba. -655. bacca, a pearl.-656. celerans for celeriter agens, or exse

cuturas.

659-721. VENUS'S STRATAGEM: CUPID, UNDER THE FORM OF fULUS, INSPIRES DIDO WITH A VIOLENT PASSION FOR ENEAS.

659. furentem incendat = incendat ita ut furat (amore). Horace is especially fond of this poetic mode of speech (called proleptic), which consists in expressing the result of an action, by an adj. or partcp. added to the phrase.-661. Punica fides, ironically for perfidia, was a proverbial expression among the Romans.-662. urit (Venerem), torments her, causes her great anxiety.-665. tela Typhoïa, the thunderbolts which smote down Typhoeus.-669. nota, pl. for notum (est).-671. Junonia, in a city where Juno reigns.-672. (Juno) haud cessabit (in) tanto cardine rerum, i. e. in so critical a position of affairs, derived from the proverb "res in cardine est," i. e. in articulo, έv ảкμy-the point upon which an affair hinges, as we say in English.-674. quo numine (i. e. alicujus dei voluntate et potentia), she means by some intrigue on the part of Juno.680. Cythera (rà Kú0ŋpa), an island sacred to Venus, who there sprang from the sea, at a short distance from the coast of Laconia, now Cerigo.-681. Idalium, a mountain; Idalia, a city in Cyprus; super may be put for in or ad, when we speak of elevated localities, e. g. super montem.-684. faciem falle = faciem falsam assume, simula.-686. Lyæum, used as an adj. for Lyai (Bacchi).–688. fallus for non sentientem imbuas.-692. irrigare is used with the government required by fundere, by other poets before Virgil. Lucretius: 66 somnus per membra quietem irriget." Furius Antias: 'mitemque rigat per pectora somnum.”—697. aulæa, carpets, or rugs, spread upon the couch, vestes stragula.-698. Contracted aura.-701. manibus, dative. Cererem for panem.—703. longam, i. e. per longam seriem dispositam.-704. Penates for aras deorum Penatium, on which they burnt incense.-710. flagrantes for fulgentes, splendentes.-712. pesti, to love, which was to be her destruction. -716. implevit for satiavit.—718. hæret, i. e. in puero; defixa

66

est.-720. Acidalia, " a name of Venus, from Acidalius, a fountain at Orchomenus, in Boeotia, in which the Graces bathe, who are consecrated to Venus." Servius.—721. vivo, opposed to her love for her deceased husband.

724-752. AFTER THE BANQUET, DIDO INVITES ENEAS то

RELATE THE FALL OF TROY.

724. i.e. encircle the goblets with garlands.-726. aureis, contracted as at 698.-729. The kings of Tyre were descended from Belus.-727. Jupiter, surnamed Hospitalis, Zevs Eέvios.-733. minores for posteriores.· 737. libato, abl. absol. (often used by Livy), for postquam libatum est. 738. Bitias, à Carthaginian proper name. Increpitans, rallying him, earnestly pressing him (to drink).-740. crinitus. The citharœdi wore long hair, after the fashion of their god, Apollo.-741. Fable attributed to Atlas a perfect knowledge of astronomy.-744. Gemini Triones, the Great and Little Bear.-749. Drank in, as it were, at a long draught.-751. Memnon, see 489.-752. equi, probably the steeds of rare beauty, which Diomede had carried off from Rhesus.

BOOK II.

4-55. THE STORY OF THE CAPTURE OF TROY. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE WOODEN HORSE. THE FEIGNED RETREAT OF THE GREEKS. THE JOY AND UNCERTAINTY OF THE TROJANS.

4. ut (how) Danai eruerint depends on the notion involved in jubes renovare dolorem, to renew my grief by the recital which thou demandest, viz. in what way.-7. Dolopes, a people from the west of Thessaly, soldiers of Achilles, like the Myrmidons. Ulixi, gen. of Ulixes Ulysses. See note on i. 30.-9. præcipitat for se præc., even in prose. When the sun is rising in the east, the night is setting in the west, as the sun in the evening. Muretus compares with this line the words of Cicero (Philippic xiv. chap. 3): "refugit animus P. C. eaque formidat dicere, quæ . . ."—19. caco (for obscuro) lateri, is the explanation of huc. See Eclog. i. 54. -21. Still called Tenedo.-25. Mycenas, whence came Agamemnon, the chief of the expedition. We have already seen a wider sense given to this word, i. 650.—27. Dorica for Peloponnesia, or Græcia, does not at all suit the epoch. It was not till nearly a century after the Trojan war, that the name of the Dorians became famous throughout Greece.-31. donum Minerva, in the passive sense: a present made to Minerva.-34. dolo. The learned grammarian, Servius, thus explains this supposition: "Priamus ex Arisbâ filium vatem suscepit. Qui quum dixisset, quadam die nosci puerum, per quem posset Troja corruere, pepererunt simul et Thymœtæ uxor et Hecuba. Sed Priamus Thymotæ filium uxoremque jussit occidi. Inde ergo nunc sive dolo: quia habuit justam causam proditionis."-37. Subjectisque, not ve, as it has been corrected. There were two plans: to destroy the wooden horse, or else to

sound its inside. To destroy it, two ways were proposed: by water or by fire, as we say now-a-days. The ancients, too, might have said, in a like case, water and fire: witness, among many other passages, that of Tibullus (Eleg. i. 9. 49): "Illa velim rapida Vulcanus carmina flamma Torreat, et liquida deleat amnis aqua.” 41. Laocoon. See below, 201, &c.- 48. error means sometimes any thing that leads into errour, dolus, a stratagem.-49. Et dona ferentes, even when they make an offering to the gods; for report assigned this destination to the horse. See 17. For the Trojans themselves the horse would have been a strange gift. Hence we see that the use commonly made of this line, which has become quite proverbial, and which I fancy I have met with in Seneca, rests upon an incorrect interpretation.-51. ferus (as in modern Greek, Tò aλoyov), is used by the poets particularly of a horse.-54. si fata, supply fuissent. Læva for stulta, as in Eclog. i. 16.55. impulerat, for subj., as we frequently in English use the pluperf. indic. for subj., e.g. I had returned sooner, had I not been detained. Foedare, to violate; to burst open.

60-193. THE CAPTURE OF SINON, AND LYING STORY OF HIS

WRONGS.

san

60. hoc ipsum, to be conducted before the king.-69. i. e. quo confugiam?-71. super, adv. for insuper.—72. pœnas cum guine, execution, death.-74. cretus, from the old verb creo, root of crescere and creare.- -75. fiducia, ground of confidence, circumstances which might lead him to hope of safety.-78. de gente (esse).-82. Belīdes (classed by Priscian amongst the patronymics excepted from the general rule, which requires that those from nouns in us should have the i short), a descendant of Belus, grandfather of Amymōne, grandmother of Palamēdes.-83. falsa sub proditione for sub falso crimine proditionis. The story is told Metam. xiii. 56, &c. Lumine for vita. -87. in arma, i. e. ad bellum. Primis ab annis, from the first years (of the war).—88. dum (Palamedes) stabat incolumis regno = incolumi dignitate regia. -91. superæ ora, the earth, opposed to the infernal regions.95. Argi, here Greece in general, as at 55, Argolicas for Græcas. Palamēdes came from Euboea.-99. conscius is often used alone for having the conscience laden with some evil deed or crime, e. g. in Plautus: nil est miserius quam animus hominis conscius.— 102. quid moror? understand vos hac oratione.-103. jamdudum, forthwith; giving to understand that the thing ought already to have been done. [Ov. Met. xi. 482, jamdudum demittite cornua. W.]-104. Ithacus for Ithacensis-Ulysses. So 122. 128.—111. euntes, on the point of departure.-114. Scitantem = mittimus Eurypylum atque is scitatur, &c. [Alii rogantes regem misere ad Jovem (Phaedr. i. 2, 22): so κήρυκα ἔπεμψε . λέγοντα (Xen. An. 5, 4, 24). W.]-116. virgine, Iphigenia. Tremor, they all trembled in their uncertainty as to who should be sacrificed-cui fata parent (hoc). See a like ellipse at note 4.-124. canebant, predicted.127. opponere, in the sense of objicere.-136. si forte, even without having offered the sacrifice. [dedissent, not = daturi essent (as W. says), but if perchance they should (at some future time) have set

...

sail.]-139. fors forsitan. Poenas, apposition to quos: as a punishment, to punish me in their persons.-142. per fidem, si qua est, &c., the sentence being interrupted; fides is only found expressed in the relative member. We meet with similar separations, even in prose: e. g. "per ego te, fili, quæcunque jura liberos jungunt parentibus, precor quæsoque," for "per jura, quæcunque." Livy, xxiii. 9.-159. nec ullus nullus.-160. They generally said, "promissis stes."-166. Palladium, the statue of Pallas, on the possession of which depended the fate of the city. 169. fluere, to melt away. - 171. Tritonia, or Tritonis (226), one of the surnames of Minerva, explained in different ways. Ea for ejus rei. 173. luminibus (oculis) arrectis, or erectis, stern and menacing. Salsus, for sweat has a salt flavour. -178. omina ni repetant Argis, unless they renew the auspices in Greece (see 95). On their departure from Aulis, there appeared to the Greeks a favorable omen, reported Iliad ii. 301. This has just been rendered null by the wrath of Minerva, and the success predicted to the expedition escapes from the Greeks. "They must, therefore," says Calchas, "return to Greece, and there consult afresh the will of the gods." This advice is conformable to the religious notions of the Romans. They consulted the auspices before their armies set out; if the campaign was unfortunate, the general returned to Rome ad repetenda auspicia, and immediately rejoined the camp; to use the language of Virgil (181), postquam deos paravit comites. By numen is meant the Palladium, and not the divine will, as some explain it. They carry it off, because they cannot leave it in the abandoned camp, which is going to fall into the hands of the Trojans. Quod is often used, even in prose, for quod attinet ad. 182. digerit omina, analyses the predictions, and directs what must be done, according to what they announce.-186. Dative for ad cælum.-188. sub antiqua religione, according to the ancient rites observed in the temple of Minerva, whence the Palladium had been carried off. The enormous machine being to remain before the city, these conservative rites could not be applied to it.-189. See note on 31.-190. ipsum (valem) Calchas.-191. futurum (esse canebat).-193. Pelopea and Pelopeia, two poetical forms of Pelopia, cities of Pelops, Argos, and Mycena. Larissæus for Thessalus, from the principal city of that country.

200-267. THE DEATH OF LAOCOON.

200. improvida, an epithet given to pectora, by prolepsis, indicates the effect of this trouble: pectora turbat, ut fierent improvida.-201. sorte. Servius explains it thus: "Ut Euphorion dicit, post adventum Græcorum sacerdos Neptuni lapidibus occisus est, quia non sacrificiis eorum vetavit adventum. Post, abscedentibus Græcis, quum vellent sacrificare Neptuno, Laocoon, Thymbræi Apollinis sacerdos, sorte ductus est: ut solet fieri, quum deest sacerdos certus."-203. alta is seldom used for altum (mare).-208. legere, joined to words signifying a space, means to traverse; e. g. luna cælum legit (Seneca); and below, legimus freta, iii. 127.210. suffecti means interius infecti, suffusi.—212. agmine certo,

i. e. certo modo, or certa directione sese agendo vel volvendo, by a movement directed with a sure aim.-214, &c. Every one is acquainted with the famous group of Laocoon, found in digging up the baths of Titus, and preserved in the museum of the Vatican. This fine piece of sculpture, connected with the admirable episode of Virgil, has given occasion to some profound thinkers to illustrate and define the difference between sculpture, painting, and poetry. -219. circumdati terga, i. e. quum terga circumdedissent.—224. incertam, ill-assured, whose blow is not well aimed.-225. delubra summa, the temple of the high town, of the citadel.-227. There still existed, therefore, in this temple, another statue of Minerva, besides the Palladium carried off by Diomede and Ulysses.-229. insinuat, intrans., as in Cic. De Oratore, 1. c. 20. The ordinary expression is, "expendere pœnam sceleris." See xi. 258.-234. mœnia, the enclosure, including the buildings.-235. For accingunt se here, and xi. 707.-236. rotarum lapsus for labentes rotas.-238, 239. "A profoundly tragic scene, in which all celebrate their own ruin, and sing, so to speak, their death-song." D.-242. For Dardanidarum, as calicolum, &c.-244. immemores, without reflecting.—246. fatis, dative, ad fata (canenda).-247. dei, Apollo, who fell in love with Cassandra, the most beautiful of Priam's daughters, and granted her the gift of prophecy. She resisted the god, who, in his rage, attached this strange destiny to her words, that they never met with belief.-250. For proruit, or surgit ab oceano. We have seen above, that the poets represent night as rising and setting, the same as the sun. . 252. per moenia per urbem. See 234.-255. lunæ for noctis. - 259. "The word claustra is yet another example of the variety of expression which Virgil uses to represent what we call the wooden horse." D.-263. Pelides, grandson of Peleus, father of Achilles. Primus is here singularly added to the seventh name. The contradiction was already found embarrassing by the ancient grammarians.-267. jungunt (sibi) for adjungunt.

268-293. ENEAS'S DREAM; HECTOR APPEARS TO HIM, AND ANNOUNCES THE FALL OF TROY.

268. ægris, an Homeric epithet of men, deλoto, who live in pain.-275. exuvias Achilli, gen., the arms of Achilles, stript from Patroclus, who had equipped himself in them. St. Ambrose has borrowed this idea from Virgil, when he says (De Spiritu Sancto ii.): “is, longe mutatus ab illo Samsone, qui rediit allophylorum indutus exuvias."-276. puppibus in puppes. This heroic attack on the ships of the Greeks is recounted at length in Iliad xiii. to xvi.-278. Construe: circum muros.-287. nihil (ad hæc dixit, or respondit).—291. sat patriæ datum, i. e. enough has been done to save it.-292. hac (for mea), raising it as he speaks.-293. suos Penates, the tutelary deities of the country (e.g. Vesta, 296), who have been vanquished. See 320. 304-434. THE GREEKS SPREAD THROUGH THE CITY. ENEAS MAKES VAIN EFFORTS TO REPEL THEM.

304. Æneas listens; the sounds, distant but terrible, which he