Rev. Washington Gladden's words along this line in one of the concluding papers of the volume may well be quoted in part:

"We sometimes hear it said that the one thing needful is the administration of the municipality on business principles. In a certain narrow sense this saying may be justified. We ought to have a methodical, economical administration, of course; we ought to insist on getting money's worth for our taxes. But other than business principles must control our people and their representatives in office, else we shall continue to have precisely what we have had. The trouble with our citizens-our best citizens-has always been that they have been quite too much inclined to base their civic action upon 'business principles.' They have always wanted to buy the benefits of good municipal government in the cheapest market and to sell them in the dearest. Their problem has been to get just as much as possible for themselves out of the city and to give just as little as possible in return for it-of time, of money, of sacrifice. So long as this is the prevailing purpose of the citizens, it will be the prevailing purpose of their representatives in office; business principles will control their conduct; office will be to them an opportunity of gain, and they will make what they can out of it. I think it is time that we began to see that good government calls for some higher principles on the part of the citizens than what we describe as business principles.

"It calls for the recognition of civic ideals; for a vision that can discern not merely the city that stands upon the earth, but the fairer city which is coming down from heaven to earth, after whose pattern the earthly forms must be continually reshaped. There is just as much need in the city as in the nation of cherishing an ideal of liberty, of purity, of perfection; of leaving the things that are behind, and stretching forth unto the things that are before; of cultivating a generous faith and a high enthusiasm. There is need of thinking much of a kind of civic life that is not yet, but that might be, and that ought to be, and that must be, if there is a God in heaven; a city whose officers shall be peace and whose exactors righteousness; a city whose homes shall be sacred and secure ; whose traffic shall be wholesome and beneficent; whose laborers shall go forth to their cheerful toil unburdened by the heavy hand of legalized monopolies; whose laws shall foster no more curses, nor open the gates to whatsoever worketh abomination or maketh a lie; whose streets shall be full of happy children, playing in safety and learning the great lessons of civic piety, and whose citizens on any shore shall find their thoughts turning homeward with a great longing, while they cry:--

"If I forget thee, O city of my heart!

Let my right hand forget her cunning;

Let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth

If I remember thee not,

If I prefer thee not

Above my chief joy."

E. W. B.

ARTICLE XI.

NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

EINLEITUNG IN DAS ALTE TESTAMENT einschliesslich Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen mit eingehender Angabe der Litteratur, von D. HERMANN L. STRACK. Vierte, ganz neu bearbeitete Auflage. München.

1895.

All Old Testament scholars will welcome this new edition of Professor Strack's "Einleitung." As a part of Zöckler's "Handbuch der theologischen Wissenschaften," the work has already passed through three editions, and has an assured place among the many recent works on Introduction.

Several features of the work unite to render it particularly useful as an elementary text-book. One of these features is its comprehensiveness. Beginning with a brief history of the science of Introduction, the author gives in succession an analysis of each of the Canonical books of the Old Testament, with a statement of the critical questions that have been raised with regard to them. He also discusses briefly the Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal books of the Old Testament, and gives a short sketch of the formation of the canon, of the history of the text, and of the character and value of the principal ancient versions, with a notice of the German, English, and French among modern translations.

Another favorable feature of the book is its conciseness and brevity. In spite of its comprehensiveness, the matter is compressed into two hundred and nineteen pages. Last, but not least, the extensive bibliography must make the work extremely serviceable to all students. This bibliography includes not only the German books, but also the most important English and American works.

Professor Strack's theological position is well known. He is a firm believer in revelation, and maintains that the Old Testament records give an essentially accurate account of the times which they profess to describe. He believes, to use his own words, " in an unique divine intervention in the history of Israel," and that "miracles and prophecy are real events." But conservative and devout as he is, the author is also a firm believer in the right of criticism on the field of the Old Testament literature, and he exercises this right in a way which might not be considered conservative on this side of the water. He rejects the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch as untenable, and accepts in its place the documentary theory. One of the most interesting and valuable para

graphs in the whole book, is the one in which he arranges in tabular form the characteristic vocabularies of the principal documents of the Hexateuch, viz. E, J, D, P, H.

His critical position may be further illustrated by his analysis of the book of Isaiah, and his attitude towards the book of Daniel. He regards the exilic authorship of Isaiah_xl.-lxvi. as certain, and denies to Isaiah chaps. xiii. I-xiv. 23; xxi. 1-10; xxiv.-xxvii.; xxxiv.-xxxix., and asserts that the book of Daniel, while probably embodying traditions in regard to the historic character Daniel, is still in its present form the product of the time of Antiochus Epiphanes.

While agreeing in so many respects with the radical critics, Professor Strack is far from accepting the radical view of the historic order of the documents of the Hexateuch, or of the historical value of the Old Testament records. He holds that, in its main elements, the Priests' Code is preëxilic; that Ezekiel is dependent upon P, and not the reverse, as is now generally maintained; and that, in connection with the other documents, it furnishes an essentially accurate picture of the time of Moses. He also maintains, with Dillmann, that J, E, and P had already been united into one work before D was joined to it. Further, while he finds certain evidences of compilation from various narratives in the books of Samuel, he yet maintains that in the majority of cases the so-called "doublets" are not doublets at all, but are actual records of different events. He is also far more respectful to the Chronicler than are most modern writers, and claims for his narrative a real value as supplementary to the history in the books of Samuel and Kings.

But, in spite of these expressions of positive opinion, one of the most prominent characteristics of the book is the concise objective statement of the leading critical opinions, while in the majority of cases the author's own opinion is not given. Professor Strack informs us in the preface, that he has purposely pursued this course, and so the reader is perhaps not justified in complaining because the author does not put himself on record a little more clearly in regard to certain points. This temptation to complain makes itself felt most forcibly while reading the discussion of the Pentateuch. One wishes constantly that Professor Strack would express a little more definitely his opinion in regard to the order and probable date of the various documents, and especially the date of D. This question is a crucial one for his theory. He rejects most emphatically the modern view, that the law-book found in the temple had been composed only shortly before its alleged finding. In his opinion D must be older than the time of Josiah, and already authoritative at the time of its finding. But if older than the time of Josiah, then the date of J, E, P is pushed so much the farther back. Further, if such a book as J, E, P, ever existed, D's acknowledged ignorance of it is hard to explain. The reader cannot refrain from wishing that Professor Strack had made some further contributions to the solution of the problem, and the question in

evitably arises in his mind, whether it is possible to unite the documentary theory of the Pentateuch with Professor Strack's theory as to the rela tive date and the order of the various documents.

In regard to the formation of the canon, Professor Strack agrees in the main with Buhl, the most noticeble variation being that he regards the canonization of the prophets as the work of Ezra and Nehemiah. He denies that the uniformity of the Massoretic text is due to descent from a single recension, and maintains that a careful critical study of the Old Testament manuscripts would help materially in the securing of a purer

text.

This notice could easily be extended by the discussion of other interesting points in the book. But enough has been said to indicate its character. Whatever may be one's opinion as to its individual points, as a whole the book is multum in parvo, and is sure of a favorable reception from all Old Testament students. WALTER R. BETTERIDGE.

THE LITERARY STUDY OF THE BIBLE: An Account of the Leading Forms of Literature represented in the Sacred Writings. Intended for English Readers. By RICHARD G. MOULTON, M. A. (Cambr.), Ph. D. (Penna.), Professor of Literature in English in the University of Chicago, late University Extension Lecturer (Cambridge and London). Pp. xii, 533. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. 1895. $2.00.

In this volume we have the benefit of Professor Moulton's rare skill and experience in unfolding to ordinary audiences the literary significance and beauties of the Bible. The continued hold which the Bible has upon the public is in no small part due to the variety and perfection of its literary form. In it one finds lyric poetry of every kind, history and epic, philosophy and proverbial wisdom, prophecy and rhapsody, rhythmic parallelism, elaborate drama, and the sustained rhetoric of that great model of direct address-Deuteronomy. All these subjects are treated by the author vividly and at length, while the appendices furnish a full literary index of the Bible, and tables of literary form. The book is destined to have a wide and salutary influence.

THE QUOTATIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT FROM THE OLD, considered in the Light of General Literature. By FRANKLIN JOHNSON, D. D., Professor in the University of Chicago. Pp. xix, 409. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society. 1896. $2.00.

Altogether Professor Johnson's volume is the most helpful which has come to our notice upon this important and difficult subject. It is not a mere list of quotations, with running comments and explanations, but a classified list, with judicial discussions of the range of freedom allowed in quotations according to the purpose for which they are employed. Among the chapters to be specially noted are those dealing with “Quotations from Memory"; "Exegetical Paraphrase"; "Quotations of Substance"; "Quotations by Sound"; and "Double Reference."

THE TWO ST. JOHNS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. BY JAMES STALKER. New York: American Tract Society. 1895. $1.00.

Dr. Stalker's previous volumes have been so satisfactory to the more intelligent Christian public that he has created in advance a wide demand for anything he may write. The present work will not abate, but rather increase, the interest in the suggestive and thoughtful productions of his pen.

THE STUDENT'S LIFE OF JESUS. BY GEORGE HOLLY GILBERT, Ph. D., D. D., Iowa Professor of New Testament Literature and Interpretation in Chicago Theological Seminary. Pp. xi, 400. Chicago Theological Seminary. 1896.

The appearance of this work is an omen of good for Chicago Theological Seminary. In it the author inaugurates his larger work with the general public by carefully discussing recent theories concerning the origin and authority of the Gospels, and gives his conclusions and the main reasons for them. In the main, the conclusions are such as will satisfy the conservative portion of the churches who do not fully credit the somewhat prevalent modern doctrine of the infallibility of every last critic who speaks in a magisterial tone, but who still believe that some things old are true. With such a scholar as this volume reveals training candidates for the ministry, the churches may have confidence that the true faith will be maintained.

THE NEW LIFE IN CHRIST: A Study in Personal Religion. By JOSEPH AGAR BEET, D. D. Pp. xv, 347. New York: Hunt & Eaton; Cincinnati: Cranston & Curts. 1895. $1.50.

Dr. Beet adds in this volume to his great reputation as a commentator that of a devout and skillful writer upon practical theology. In five parts the author treats of "The Ruin," "The Restoration," "The Way of Holiness," "The Divine and Human in the Christian Life," and "The Revelation of God in the New Life in Christ."

THE WISE MEN OF ANCIENT ISRAEL AND THEIR PROVERBS. By CHARLES FOSTER KENT, Ph. D., Associate Professor of Biblical Lit erature and History, Brown University. Pp. 208. New York, Boston, Chicago: Silver, Burdett & Co. 1895. $1.25.

Professor Kent's discussion of the character, origin, date, and object of the book of Proverbs, though comparatively brief, is remarkably comprehensive and satisfactory. The unique feature of the volume is its arrangement of the proverbs in a topical order. For purposes of study this will be found exceedingly convenient and useful, and this fulfills the design of the author's labor.

THE INTERNATIONAL TEACHERS' BIBLE. Self-Pronouncing Edition. With Helps and References. New York: International Bible Agency. Levant, Leather lined, $5.75.

We have called attention to the earlier editions of this Bible as among the best of Teachers' Bibles before the public. We are glad to record many marked improvements in the present edition.