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Eastward, below Cadiz, is the famous Rock of

N. La. W. Lo.

Gibraltar

36" 6' 5° 22′ Trafalgar 36 11

Belonging to the English, who took it in 1704.

6 2 The promontory at the entrance into the Straights of Gibraltar is the evermemorable Cape Trafalgar, where Lord Nelson defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain with immense loss, having taken no less than nineteen sail of the line, October 21. 1805, and was himself shot by a rifleman in the very moment of victory.

The principal Rivers of Spain are the Ebro, which rises near Reynosa, and flows into the Mediterranean near Tortosa; the Guadalquivir, which originates in the Sierra Morena, and flows into the Gulph of Cadiz near Xeres and St. Lucar; the Guadiana, which rises not very far from Toledo, and, flowing by Merida and Badajoz, falls into the Atlantic, East of Cape St. Mary; the Tajo, or Tagus, which rises in Castile, and flows through Spain and Portugal till it enters the Atlantic below Lisbon; and the Douro, which rises near the ruins of antient Numantia, and, flowing through Spain and Portugal, enters the Atlantic at Oporto. The principal Mountains of Spain are the Pyrenees, of which the highest, Mount Perdu, is about 11,000 feet, being not lower than Etna; the Sierra Morena; and Sierra Nevada; and Montserrat; which last is a solitary mountain near Barcelona, and so high that the Islands of Majorca and Minorca can be seen from it, which are distant about 180 miles.

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The Mountains of Portugal are not of very peculiar magnitude or importance. The chief is the chain of Arrabeda, in Estremadura, some of the highest points of which may be 8000 feet. The principal Rivers are the Tagus and Douro, already described, the Mondego, which passes by Coimbra, and the Minho, which forms the boundary between Portugal and Gallicia.

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The principal Rivers of Turkey in Europe are the Danube, already described; and the Maritz, or antient Hebrus, which rises in Mount Hæmus, and falls into the Archipelago at the Gulph of Eno. The chief Mountains are part of the grand Carpathian chain, running through Wallachia; the chain of Hæmus and Rhodope; Mount Olympus; Athos; and others,

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The principal Rivers of Prussia are the Elbe, already described; the Oder, which rises in the Mountains of Moravia, and flows into the Baltic below the Island of Rugen; and the noble River Wiesel, or Vistula, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and, flowing by Cracow and Warsaw, enters the Baltic, near Dantzic; and the Memel, which enters the Baltic by Tilsit, above Konigsberg. The principal Mountains of Prussia are in its Southern boundary, in what was formerly part of the Kingdom of Poland: they are part of the Carpathian chain, and called by the general appellation of the Sudetic Mountains; the greatest height is about 5000 feet.

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Russia in Europe contains the following principal cities:

Moscow

Smolensk

Cherson

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55°45′ 37°22′ The antient capital of Muscovy. 54 50 32 34

46 37 31 26 On the Black Sea.

Kafa or Theodosia Riga Archangel

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45° 0′ 35° 20' On the Sea of Azoph.

56 50 24 15

64 33 38 59

The principal Rivers of European Russia are the Volga, which forms for a long space the boundary between Europe and Asia, and rises in Europe between Petersburg and Moscow; and, after receiving the Kama; (another important stream which rises in the Uralian Mountains,) flows into the Caspian Sea below Astrachan ; the Don, or Tanais, which rises in a Lake in the Government of Tulan, and flows into the Sea of Azoph; the Dnieper, or antient Borysthenes, which rises in the Government of Smolensk, and falls into the Black Sea below Cherson, where it is joined by the Bog, or antient Hypanis; the Dniester, which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and falls into the Black Sea at Akerman. The country between the Dnieper and the Dniester was formerly part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Cara rises in the Uralian Mountains, and falls into the Arctic, or White Sea, East of Waygat Island, and may be mentioned as a continuation of the boundary between Europe and Asia, from the Uralian Mountains Northwards; West of this the Ousa rises in the Ural Mountains, and falls into the Sea, West of Waygat Island; the Dwina rises from the West part of the Uralian chain, and falls into the White Sea at Archangel; the Onega rises in the Government of Olonetz, and falls into the White Sea, West of the Dwina; the Neva rises on the great Lake Ladoga, and, flowing through Petersburg, falls into the Gulph of Finland; the

Duna rises near Bielow, in the Government of Smolensk, and falls into the Gulph of Riga at Riga. The principal Russian Mountains are those of Taurida, on the Black Sea; of Olonetz, towards the White Sea; and of Ural, which separates Europe from Asia: but none of these heights are very considerable,-Pauda, which is one of the highest, not being 5000 feet above the level of the sea.

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Sweden, Norway, and Lapland abound in Lakes, bu the Rivers are generally of inconsiderable magnitude. The principal Rivers of Sweden are the Dahl, which rises in the Norwegian Alps, giving name to the province of Dalecarlia, and enters the Gulph of Bothnia, nearly opposite, but a little North, of the Island of Aland; the Tornea rises from a Lake of the same name, and enters the Gulph of Bothnia at its Northern extremity, near the town of Tornea, the most Northern city in Europe. Sweden may be considered as a mountainous country, especially on the confines of Norway. The highest Swedish Alps are about 6700 feet above the level of the sea. The Island of Rugen, in the Baltic, and several smaller Islands belong to Sweden. In a direct line above the town of Tornea is

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North Cape 71° 10′ 25° 57 The extremest Northern part of Europe. !

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