In Cilicia Campestris the first place that presents itself is Corycus*, now Curco, a place greatly celebrated amongst the antients for its saffron, and for a cave inhabited by the monstrous Titan Typhon. North East of it is Soli, an antient but decayed town in the time of Pompey, who established there the Cilician pirates, whom he admitted to a capitulation, and gave it the name of Pompeiopolis; it stands on the river Lamus, whence the adjacent territory was called Lamotis, now Lamuzo. A little inland is Anchiale, where was the sepulchre of Sardanapalus†, the last and most effeminate of Assyrian kings, who burnt himself, with his palace, B. C. 820. At the Northern point of the shore, at the mouth of the river Cydnus, was the city of Tarsus, the birth-place of St. Paul, and so much celebrated for the learning and refinements of its inhabitants, as to be the rival of Athens and Alexandria. It was here that Alexander nearly lost his life, by bathing when hot in the cool stream of the Cydnus, and here that Cleopatra paid her celebrated visit to Antony, in all the pomp and pageantry of Eastern luxury, herself attired like Venus, and her attendants like Cupids, in a galley covered with gold, whose sails were

* Ut cum scena croco Cilici perfusa recens est.

His epitaph is said to have been to this effect: Ede, bibe, lude, cætera nihili sunt.

of purple, the oars of silver, and cordage of silk, a fine description of which may be seen in Shakspear's play of Antony and Cleopatra, Act II. Scene 2. It is still called Tarsous, but is subject to Adana, a city somewhat to the East, which still preserves its name, on the Sarus, or Seihoun. Above Adana is the famous pass of Mount Taurus called the Pyla Cilicia, or gates of Cilicia, on the frontier of Cappadocia. South East of Adana, is the city of Mopsus, or Mopsuestia, now Messis, North of which is Anazarbus, or Anzarbe, of considerable importance under the Eastern Emperors. A little South of it is Castabala, and below it Issus, now Aiasse, the evermemorable scene of the victory of Alexander over Darius, Oct. B. C. 333, Ol. 111, 4, and afterwards of another most important victory obtained by the Roman Emperor Severus over his rival Niger, A. D. 194. The river Pinarius, which runs through the plain of Issus into the Issian Gulph, is now called the Deli-sou. At the point where the Mediterranean bends Southward were the Pylæ Syriæ, a very difficult and strong pass, on the frontiers of Syria and Cilicia, between Mount Amanus and the sea. We must not forget that Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia, and was vain enough to hope for the honours of a Roman triumph, in consequence of some successes obtained by himself and his lieutenant over the neighbouring barbarous tribes.

We are now to describe the two inland provinces of Asia Minor, Phrygia and Cappadocia. Phrygia received the appellation of Major to distinguish it from a part of Mysia, near the Hellespont, which was occupied by some Phrygians after the Trojan war, and from them called

Phrygia Minor.* It is bounded on the North by Bithynia and Galatia, on the West by Mysia, Lydia, and Caria, on the South by Lycia, Pisidia, and Isauria, and on the East by Cappadocia. In the North, adjoining Bithynia, is the city Dorylæum, now Eski-Shehr, below it is Cotyæum, now Kutaieh, and below it Peltæ, mentioned by Xenophon in his Anabasis, now Uschah. On the Southern confines of Lydia was Laodicea, now Ladik, and a little North of it is Colossæ, now Chonos. In the Southern angle, between Caria and Lycia is Cibyra †, a considerable trading city, now Buraz; above it, Eastward, is Themisonium, or Teseni, and above Themisonium, to the North, is Apamea Cibotus, antiently a very rich and flourishing city, which occupied the site of a more antient city called Celenæ; it is situated near the sources of the Mæander, on the river Marsyas, on whose banks the celebrated musician of that name is said to have been flayed alive by Apollo, and his skin was shown at Celænæ. North East of Apamea, on the confines of Galatia, was Synnada, whose marble was held in great estimation among the Romans; a little below it is the plain of Ipsus, where the famous battle was fought between the surviving generals of Alexander, Antigonus and his son Demetrius on the one side, and Lysimachus, Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Cassander on the other, in which Antigonus was defeat ed and died of his wounds, B. C. 301, Ol. 119, 4. Below

Ipsus was an Antiochia, called, for the sake of distinction,

Hence it appears that the term Phrygians is applied improperly, or by anticipation, to the Trojans in Virgil."

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Cave ne portus occupet alter,

Ne Cibyratica, ne Bithyna negotia perdas.

Hor. Epist. I. 6, 35.

Antiochia ad Pisidiam, or Antiochia near Pisidia; it is now called Ak-shehr, or the white city; and East of Ipsus is Thymbrium, mentioned by Xenophon in his Anabasis, now Tshaktelu. The remaining Eastern part of Phrygia was called Lycaonia; the first place of importance in which was Laodicea Combusta, or Ladikie, and a little South East of it was Iconium, now Konieh, mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, ch. xiii. 51. In the North of Lycaonia was a long and salt pool called Tatta Palus, now, Tuzla, or the salt.

Cappadocia was bounded on the West by Phrygia, on the North by Pontus, on the East by the Euphrates, and on the South by Phrygia. The Cappadocians are remarkable for having refused liberty when offered them, preferring to live under their kings, who seem to have had a number of slaves on the royal domains, somewhat like our feudal barons.* Cappadocia was divided into a number of districts, which it is hardly necessary to enumerate. On the confines of Lycaonia, Archelais was a Roman colony, founded under the Emperor Claudius, now Erkeli. A little below it was Nazianzus, the birth-place of Gregory, one of the early fathers of the church, who died A. D. 389. East of it was Tyana, the birth-place of a celebrated impostor called Apollonius, whose life and miracles are recorded by Philostratus: he flourished A.D. 90: it was in a district called Cataonia. North East of Tyana was Comana, celebrated for its temple of Bellona, reputed the richest and most sacred in the East; it

*Hence Horace

Mancipiis locuples eget æris Cappadocum rex.

P

was plundered by Antony. South East of which, on the confines of Cilicia, was Cucusus, or Cocsan, a remarkably gloomy and retired place among the mountains of Taurus, to which the great St. Chrysostom was banished. Returning to the confines of Phrygia, in the North of Cappadocia, is Nyssa, or Noris-shehr, the birth-place of another Gregory, also a father of the church, who died A. D. 396. East of it is Mazaca, the Capital of Cappadocia, called Cæsarea in the time of Tiberius, with the addition of ad Argæum, to signify its position at the foot of Mons Argæus, from which both the Euxine and Mediterranean seas might be discovered; it is now called Kaisarich, and the mountain Argæus is Argeh-Dag: the river Melas, now Korah-Sou, or the black water, rises in it; the Halys rises not far distant. The North Eastern part of Cappadocia, on the Western bank of the Euphrates, was called Armenia Minor. Towards the confines of Pontus is Sebaste, now Sivas, more antiently called Cabira; it was taken from Mithridates by Pompey;" and a little North East of it was an almost impregnable fortress called Novus, now Hesen-Now, where Mithridates kept his principal treasures. Still North of it is Nicopolis, or Tephrice, now Devriki, built by Pompey, after he had forced Mithridates across the Euphrates: and in the extreme North Eastern angle, on the confines of Pontus and Armenia Major, was Satala, now Arzingan.

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