Teucer, when banished by Telamon from the island of Salamis in the Sinus Saronicus; it was overwhelmed by the sea, afterwards rebuilt in the fourth century, under the name of Constantia, and is still called Constanza. A little below it is the present capital of Cyprus called Famagosta, from the antient promontory of Ammochostos, or the sand-hill. South West of this was Citium, now Cito, the birth-place of the great Stoic philosopher Zeno. South West of which was Amathus, whence Venus, who was worshipped there, was called Amathusia. West of this was Curium, now Piscopia, and in the Western extremity was the much-famed city of Venus, Paphos, now Limmeson Antica, and above it a more recent Paphos, called still Bapha. On the Northern coast Soli is now Solia, Lapethus Lapeto, and Chytrus Cytria: Idalium + is thought to have been about the center of the Eastern part of the island.

The Grecian Seas were distinguished by various names: the Southern part of the Hadriatic, washing the Western coast of Greece, was called Mare Ionium+;

Teucer Salamina patremque

Cum fugeret, tamen uda Lyæo
Tempora populea fertur vinxisse corona,

Sic tristes affatus amicos:

Quo nos cunque feret melior fortuna parente,

Ibimus, O socii comitesque,

Nil desperandum, Teucro duce et auspice Teucre,
Certus enim promisit Apollo,

Ambiguam tellure nova Salamina futuram.

Hor. Od. I. 7,

Est Paphos Idaliumque tibi, sunt alta Cythera.

Nosse quot Ionii veniant ad littora fluctus.

21.

Virg. Æn. X. 86.

Virg. Georg. II. 108.

the sea between Crete and Africa was called Lybicum * Pelagus; above Crete, Mare Creticum+; between Crete and Rhodes, Carpathium Pelagus ; near the island of Icaria, Icarium Mare §; between Attica and the Cyclades, Myrtoum Mare ||; all the rest of the Archipelago was called by the general name of the Mare Ægæum. The modern term of Archipelago is rather of doubtful and somewhat curious derivation. It is doubted whether Egio Pelago or Agio Pelago be the original modern term; the former a corruption of the word Ægeum, and the latter derived from the sanctity of the monasteries on Mount Athos and in the islands. From one or the other of these, mariners are thought to have adopted the corruption of Archipelago, which having itself a manifest similarity to another Greek root, has been generally supposed to be derived from it. Even the most illustrious of geographers, D'Anville, to whom I owe so many obligations, falls into the vulgar

error.

* Delphinum similes qui per maria humida nando
Carpathium Libycumque secant.

Virg. Æn. V. 595.

Myrtoum pavidus nauta secet mare.

CHAPTER XI.

ASIA MINOR.

THE HE country which we call Asia Minor (a term not in use among the antients) is now called Anatolia, or rather Anadoli from åvaroλǹ the East. It comprises the provinces between the Euxine and Mediterranean Seas. Along the shore of the Pontus Euxinus, adjoining the Propontis, is Bithynia, next to which is Paphlagonia, and East of it Pontus, reaching to the river Ophis, where the shore of the Pontus Euxinus begins to turn to the North. Below the Eastern part of Bithynia and Paphlagonia is Galatia. South of the Propontis is Mysia, below it Lydia, and below Lydia is Caria. These three provinces lie along the Eastern shores of the Ægean, but their coasts are chiefly occupied by Grecian colonies. Below the Hellespont, the

coast of Mysia is called Troas, the celebrated

scene of the Iliad of Homer.

The South coast

of Mysia and a little of the North of Lydia is

called Æolis or Æolia. Lydia is called Ionia.

The remaining coast of
There were also some

Ionian cities on the coast of Caria; and the South West coast of Caria was called Doris. East of Caria was Lycia, and East of Lycia Pamphylia, with Pisidia to the North, and to the North East Isauria and Lycaonia. East of Pamphylia was Cilicia. In the center, East of Lydia, was the large province of Phrygia, and East of Phrygia was Cappadocia.

Bithynia was originally called Bebrycia: two Thracian nations, the Thýni and Bithyni, who settled there, gave it the name of Bithynia. It is separated from Mysia by the Rhyndacus on the West, and from Paphlagonia by the Parthenius on the East; on the North it is bounded by the Pontus Euxinus, and on the South by Phrygia and Galatia. On the Western frontier the great mountain of Olympus gave the name of Olympena to the surrounding territory. At the foot of Olympus was the city Prusa, or Bursa, which gave the title of Prusias to the kings of Bithynia. One of this name was the betrayer of Hannibal to the Romans, who poisoned himself to escape falling into their hands, B. C. 183, A. U. C. 571. The next city we shall mention is Nicæa, now Isnik, on the banks of the lake Ascanius, North East of Prusa. Here was the famous general Council held under Constantine the Great, when the Nicene Creed was drawn up, A. D. 325.

North of Nicæa is Nicomedia, now called Isnickmid, and West of it, towards the Bosporus, is Libyssa, now Gebise, which derived its name from containing the tomb of the great African general, Hannibal. At the point where the Propontis begins to contract was Chalcedon, called the city of the blind, in derision for its founders having overlooked the more delightful and advantageous situation of Byzantium: it is now Kadikeui. Opposite to Byzantium, or Constantinople, was Chrysopolis, now Scutari. On the Bosporus was a celebrated temple of Jupiter Urius, the dispenser of favourable winds: it is now called Ioron. The Thyni, a Thracian nation, were settled on this part of the shore of the Euxine, extending from the Bosporus to the river Sangarius, or Sagaris, now the Sakaria. On the East of the Sangarius were the Mariandyni, in the North Eastern part of whose district was the powerful city of Heraclea Pontica, now Erekli: a small peninsular promontory to the North West is called Acherusia, and it is said that Hercules dragged Cerberus from hell through a cavern in this promontory. North East of the Mariandyni are the Caucones, adjoining Paphlagonia.

Paphlagonia extends from the river Parthenius, or Partheni, to the great river Halys, now called Kizil Ermak, or the red river. * In the North were the Heneti, who are said to have passed over into Italy after the Trojan war, where they established themselves under the name of Veneti. The principal cities were on the coast

*The river Halys was the boundary of the dominions of Crœsus King of Lydia, to whom the celebrated oracle was given, Kgoïσos "Aλuv διαβὰς μεγάλην ἀρχὴν καταλύσει, a line which might well have been applied to the late Emperor of France when he crossed the Vistula.