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the tenth of their produce. Here the Alemanni settled, from whom Germany was called, in the middle ages, Almagne.

East of these, the Hermunduri, the first of the Hermionic tribes, were a great and powerful nation, in the interior of Germany, attached to the Romans. East of them, on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci ; North East of whom in the center of Germany, were the Boii, or Boiohemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the Marcomanni, under their king Maroboduus, in the reign of Augustus. South East of the Boii, or Marcomanni, were the Quadi, who occupied Moravia. Eastwards of the Marcomanni and Quadi were the Marsigni, Gothini, Osi, Burii, and Lygii, which last nation bordered on the Vistula.

The rest of the German tribes are Vandal or Suevic; the most noble of them were the Semnones, between the Albis and Viadris, or Oder. North of these, on the East bank of the Albis, were the Langobardi, or Lombards; the Varini were supposed to have been in Mecklenburgh. Towards the mouth of the Elbe and the Chersonesus Cimbrica, in Holstein, were the Angli and Saxones, our English progenitors. The Teutones and Cimbri had their original settlements here. The whole coast of the Baltic was occupied by various tribes of the Vendili, or Vandals; and the name of the Rugii is still preserved in Rugenwald; the Burgundiones, South East of the Langobardi, afterwards migrated to France, and possessed the province of Burgundy. On their North were the Gothones, or Goths; and above them the Lemovii.

That part of the Baltic which washes the shores of Germania was called Sinus Codanus, and above it was Scandinavia, comprising Sweden and Norway, but very imperfectly known to the antients. *

The remainder of Europe, East of Germania and North of the immediate vicinity of the Danube, was known by the generic name of Sarmatia, and the inhabitants were called Sarmatæ and Sauromatæ. In like manner, the North of Asia, beyond the Euxine and Caspian Seas, was known by the generic name of Scythia.

We should not omit, in our account of Germany, to notice the immense forest called the Hercynia Sylva, the whole extent of which was unknown, but it took Cæsar nine days to cross it, and it had been travelled longitudinally sixty days' journey, without coming to any boundary. It contained part of Switzerland and Transylvania. An account of it is to be seen in the sixth book of Cæsar's Gallic wars.

* They seem to have considered it as consisting of a number of islands. Of the two nations mentioned by Tacitus, the Suiones are thought to have been the inhabitants of Sweden, and the Sitones of Norway.

CHAPTER VIII.

COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE DANUBE.

THE remainder of Europe, not yet described, consists of countries South of the Danube, and East of the Adriatic: these, with the exception of Greece and its immediately adjacent country, will form the subject of the following chapter.

Immediately below the Danube, from its sources on Mount Abnoba, was Vindelicia, and South of it was Rhætia, bounded on the West by the Helvetii or Swiss, on the South by Cisalpine Gaul and the upper part of Italy, and on the East by Noricum. It more than comprised the country of the Grisons. The Rhæti were a colony of the Tuscans, who degenerated into the barbarism of the surrounding Gallic and Germanic tribes, and were subdued by Drusus, under the reign of Augustus. His victory is celebrated in the fine and wellknown Ode of Horace, Book IV. 4.* The Vindelici and Rhæti, thus subdued, formed one province, whose

* Videre Rhæti bella sub Alpibus
Drusum gerentem et Vindelici.

Hor. Od. IV. 4

subsequent divisions we need not enter into. It is hardly necessary in a treatise like the present, which is a mere Compendium of Classical Geography, to enumerate the names of all the barbarous tribes which formed these nations. We may content ourselves with observing, that in the Southern angle of the Rhæti, near the lake Larius, were the Vennones, in the Valteline, and South East of them, above the lake Benacus, was Tridentum, or Trent, so well known to modern theologians, from the last Christian Council having been held there, A. D. 1545. In the South West part of Vindelicia, the Lacus Brigantinus was so called from the nation of the Brigantii, but it is now called the Lake of Constance, perhaps from their neighbours the Consuanetes. In the angle of two rivers, Vindo and Licus (the Wartach and Lech), whence the name of the nation, was Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg.

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East of Vindelicia was Noricum, in part of Bavaria. It was separated from the Vindelici by the great river Enus, or Inn. At the junction of the Inn and Danube was Boiodurum, or Passau, and East of it was Lauriacum, the station of a Roman fleet on the Danube, where is now a small village called Loren. Inland is Juvavum, or Saltzbourg, almost South of Boiodurum.

East of Noricum, lying along the Danube, to the mouth of the river Savus, or Saave, was Pannonia, first reduced to a Roman province by Tiberius, and subsequently divided into Superior and Inferior, the former occupying part of Hungary, the latter Sclavonia. In Pannonia Superior was Vindobona, now Vienna, but the

chief city in Pannonia was Carnuntum, Altenbourg, a little to the East. Still East, after the first bend of the Danube Southwards, is Aquincum, or Acincum, now Buda, and, on the opposite shore of the Danube, Contra Acincum, or Pest. In Pannonia Inferior, in the angle between the rivers Save and Drave, is the city of Sirmium, so celebrated in the latter ages of the Roman Empire, and the district is still called Sirmia.

South of Pannonia, bounded on the West by the shore of the Adriatic, on the East by Moesia, are the Illyricæ Gentes, or Illyricum, the two principal divisions of which are Liburnia and Dalmatia; the former is now part of Croatia, the latter retains its name. The light Liburnian gallies constituted great part of the fleet of Augustus at the battle of Actium. In Dalmatia was Epidaurus, and near it the island Melite, which is by some thought to have been the scene of St. Paul's shipwreck, though there are stronger reasons for fixing upon Malta. Below Epidaurus we may notice the cities of Scodra and Lissus, the former now called Scutari, the latter Alessio.

Moesia is bounded on the West by Pannonia and Illyricum, on the South by Macedonia and Thrace, on the East by the Euxine, and on the North by the Danube, occupying the present provinces of Servia and Bulgaria. The North was occupied by the Scordisci, a Celtic nation, the South was called Dardania, in the center were the Tri

* Ibis Liburnis inter alta navium,
Amice, propugnacula.

Hor. Epod. I. 1.

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