are always contented, they are happy and loved, cherished sont toujours elles et oy their father, their mother, and all their companions. toutes leurs compagnes. leur leur still my dear children. He is very naughty, he Keep Il bien méchant She is very naughty, she has has torn his grammar. lost her pencil, and broken her slate. My brother has a new book. I have two new copy-books and a new livre, m. J'ai deux cahiers, m. slate. Read a tale that is amusing and instructive, Lisez conte, m. qui soit amusant some stories that are amusing and instructive. instructif Look at Regardez histoires, f. qui soient those beautiful wreaths. Do you think the jasmin and guirlandes, f. trouvez-vous jasmin, m. ces trop haut Ne the rose pretty? You speak too loud, Henry. Don't rose, f. speak so loud, Emma. I heard him sing out of tune. parlez pas si Je l'ai entendu His sister did not sing out of tune. sœur n'a pas chanté. faux. * Ma, ta, sa, are replaced by mon, ton, son, before vowels. XIV. GENDERS AND NUMBERS OF PRONOUNS. Q. Do pronouns vary according to gender and number? A. Many of them do. Q. Are not, je I, me me, moi I, me, the same in both genders? A. They are the same in both genders, and are replaced by nous in the plural. Q. Are, tu thou, te thee, toi thou, thee, the same in each gender? A. They are the same in each gender, and replaced by vous in the plural. Q. Do not, il he, le him, it, lui he, vary in the feminine and plural ? A. Yes; they make in the feminine, elle, la, elle; and in the plural, ils, les, eux, masc.; elles, les, elles, fem. Q. Is not lui used in the feminine sometimes? A. Only as governed by the preposition à understood; as in, je lui parlerai I will speak to her. Q. Does ce this vary ? A. It makes cet in the masculine before vowels and h mute; cette in the feminine, and ces in both the masculine and feminine plural. Q. Does celui he change? A. Yes; fem. celle, pl. masc. ceux, pl. fem. celles. Q. Do, le mien mine, le tien thine, le sien his, change? A. Yes; fem. la mienne, la tienne, la sienne; pl. m. les miens, les tiens, les siens; pl. f. les miennes, les tiennes, les siennes. Q. Do, le nôtre ours, le vôtre yours, le leur theirs A. Yes; fem. la nôtre, la vôtre, la leur; pl. m. et f. les nôtres, les vôtres, les leurs. Q. Is, lequel which, changeable? A. Yes; fem. laquelle; pl. m. lesquels; pl. f. lesquelles. Q. What others vary ? A. Quelqu'un some, fem. quelqu'une, pl. m. quelquesuns, pl. f. quelques-unes; aucun any, none, fem. aucune ; pl. m. aucuns, pl. f. aucunes; chacun every one, fem. chacune (no plur.); l'un one, f. l'une, etc. XV. MOOD, TENSE, NUMBER, AND PERSON OF VERBS. Q. What is the mood of a verb ? A. The manner in which it presents the existence, state or action of its subject.. Q. How many moods have the verbs in French? A. Six, viz: the INFINITIF, which merely presents the existence, state or action of a subject as in process, without reference to any particular individual or fixed period of time; such as, être to be, jouer to play; the PARTICIPE (so called from its partaking of the meaning of adjectives), imparting the idea of a subject actually existing, and continuing in its state or act ; such as, étant being; jouant playing; the INDICATIF, which refers the existence, state or act to a particular individual, and affirms it as, je suis I am, etc.; the CONDITIONNEL, which refers it likewise to a particular individual, and affirms it but conditionally or eventually; as, je serais I would or should be, etc. The IMPERATIF, which refers it to a particular subject with command; as, sois be, etc.; and the SUBJONCTIF, which refers it to a particular subject, only as possible and conjectural; as, je sois I may be, etc. Q. What is the tense of a verb ? A. The reference of what it expresses to either the dast, present or future. MOOD, TENSE, NUMBER AND PERSON OF VERBS. 135 Q. What is the number of a verb? A. The reference of what it expresses to either a single, or several individuals. Q. What is the person of a verb? A. The reference of what it expresses to either the subject speaking, spoken to, or named before. XVI. Q. Do the verbs in French vary their termination in every mood, tense, number and person ? A. Yes. Q. What mood does the first state or radical termination of verbs denote ? A. The infinitive mood. Q. How do the French verbs end their infinitive mood? A. In four different ways on which account they are divided into four conjugations. Q. How do the verbs of each conjugation end their infinitive mood? A. They end it, viz: those of the first conjugation in those of the second in ir; those of the third in oir; and those of the fourth in re. er; Q. How do the verbs of each conjugation vary their infinitive mood, tenses, numbers and persons? A. Thus : (Let the pupil learn by heart the verb given as a model in each conjugation, and let him copy it also, if he can write. When he has done with the model, let him conjugate by it, orally, the verbs given below; or if he can write, let him put down on his slate the first person of each tense, and then repeat the whole, as if written in full). INFINITIF. 1st CONJUGATION. Prés. parler, to speak. Passé. avoir parlé, to have spoken. PARTICIPE.-Prés. parlant, speaking. Passé. ayant parlé, having spoken. Présent. Nous parlons Imparfait. Je parlais Parfait défini. Je parlai Nous parlâmes INDICATIF. I speak, etc. I was speaking, etc. I spoke, etc. Parfait indéfini. J'ai parlé Nous avons parlé Plus-que-parfait. J'avais parlé Vous aviez parlé Parfait antérieur. J'eus parlé Vous eûtes parlé I have spoken, etc. I had spoken, etc. I had spoken, etc. |