LITERARY WORLD.

No. 683.-VOL. XXVI.
NEW SERIES.

Choice Readings from the Best New Books, and Critical Reviews.

NOTICE TO OUR READERS.

LONDON, DECEMBER 1, 1882.

We beg to announce that we intend to issue Next Week another DOUBLE NUMBER of the LITERARY WORLD, containing Thirty-two Pages. It will be specially

devoted to BOOKS OF THE SEASON.

THE OXFORD SCHOOL OF HISTORY.*

into a

[PRICE ONE PENNY.]

with a Patristic revival a half century ago, has produced a critical school in philosophy and history which even Germany must regard with respect, and in some cases even learn a lesson from.

prominent, all point to the same con-
clusion. But the most signal proof
that the critical spirit has carried the day
along the whole line is the appointment
of the Rev. Edwin Hatch to succeed Dr.
Liddon in the Ireland Professorship of Turning to Mr. Creighton's work, which
Scripture Exegesis. Mr. Hatch is the we have thus placed as a typical product
Bampton Lecturer of last year, who of the new school of history, we find it
"fluttered the Volscians" by his fearless marked by several of the best traits of
introduction of the method of evolution that school of which Freeman and Stubbs
to account for the rise and growth of are the acknowledged leaders. To say
primitive episcopacy. Rejecting the that it is a work of immense research, and
dogmatic method in toto, he pointed out pervaded throughout with one luminous
the stages by which the Christian com-thought, the decentralisation of Christen-
munity passed out of a commonwealth dom by the discrowning of the Papacy, is
monarchical type of Church only to say that it is a product of the
government. We are not concerned here Oxford school of history. In this re-
either with his argument or its solidity, spect we may thank Oxford for the
but only glance at it as a representative reaction of which Pusey and Newman
work of the young Oxford of our day. were the leaders. But for the light
It is a palmary proof, if we needed one, struck out from controversies of this
that the critical spirit is able to hold its kind, we do not suppose that Mr. Creigh-
is needless to add that, without this cri- all. Had he written it, for instance, any-
own against all comers in Oxford, and it ton would have attempted such a task at
tical spirit, a school of history worthy the where else than at Oxford, he might have
produced a calm, sagacious summary of
name never can take its rise.
We have glanced at this, as it sets Church history like that of the late Canon
us at the right point of view to take Robertson or Archdeacon Hardwick. But
the bearings of a work like this of Mr. the verve and the fibre, which, like the
Creighton's, which we regard as one of knots in the oak, measure the storms it
the maturest efforts of the new school of has withstood, would have been wanting.
history at Oxford. With leaders like Mr. There is nothing more wholesome than a
Stubbs and Mr. Freeman to open the reaction for clearing the air from stagna-
way, and lecturers and readers on history tion. A dull Protestantism like that of
like Capes, and Hale, and others whom Jortin and Milner is as fatal to true his-
it would be invidious to name, there is torical research as any of the studies of
a promise of a bright future before this the Italian Bellarmine or the French
new branch of research. History at Benedictines. "There be," as Milton
Oxford, if it has not displaced theology reminds us in his Areopagitica, “who
as the queen of the sciences, is a rival knows not that there be of Protestants
near the throne too great to be despised, and professors who live and die in as
and too vigorous and self-asserting to be errant and implicit faith as any lay Papist
treated any longer as a mere dependent. of Loretto." In Mr. Creighton's case,
The issue of this struggle is no longer this wholesome breath of the controversy
doubtful, and, for our part, we do not of the last three decades has passed over
affect to conceal our satisfaction that the him only to invigorate and freshen his style.
dogmatic spirit has been worsted by the He writes as one who has sounded the
critical. Every fresh work written on the question of authority, and sees where it is
same lines as this admirable study of wanting. The Papacy was a rallying-
Church history on the eve of the Reforma- point to Christendom during long cen-
tion, makes the defeat of dogma more turies, and, wanting such a centre of unity,
The Obscurantists, as we it is, perhaps, impossible to see how
decisive.
beaten back, our modern European system could other-
and history, repeating itself in this wise have emerged out of the night of
new battle of the books, is showing the barbarism and the wreck of the old Roman
The neologians, as they are called by a demands the concession of these two
modern spirit victorious over the ancient. Empire. The critical study of history
curious barbarism, have beaten the theo-points-the one unwillingly yielded by Pro-
logians on their own ground, and Oxford, testants and the other by Romanists.
as we have described it, which began The one cannot see that the Papal supre-

ONE of the strangest revenges of time is the rise of a school of history in Oxford. The genius loci was against it, and the dogmatic bent of the new movement in theology was decidedly opposed to that critical spirit, without which history never can rise above the level of a dull chronicle. But, strange as it may seem, the critical spirit has gained ground on the dogmatic, and, indeed, with few exceptions, has left it behind. Oxford, in a word, has aimed at one line of thought, but succeeded in another and a different. It is as if, like Saul setting out to seek his father's asses, it had alighted on a kingdom. We may be excused the comparison when we consider the contrast between the young Oxford of Mozley's Reminiscences with the young Oxford of our day. Fifty years ago there were dreams in Oxford of a theological revival of authority. Ecclesiasticism struck its roots downward, and soon a shoot of æstheticism grew upward, but soon-only too soon-it was seen that the root was dead and the flower withered. Ritualism, as it has been called, like a bramble rose, may flourish in country parsonages here and there. But in Oxford, strange as it may seem, it has not found the kindly soil which it expected. The critical spirit of the age has been too much for it, and men at Oxford, as elsewhere, in proportion as they are educated, have refused to take blindfold their religion on antiquarian grounds. But, instead of this Anglican revival, so much desired by some, so dreaded by others, there has sprung up at Oxford a critical school, which, in philosophy as in history, has pushed its researches fearlessly on in the teeth of dogmatic teaching. We have only to name two or three heads of houses to point to the leading spirits of the call them, are may At Christ Church, Oxford of our day. Dean Liddell, and at Balliol Dr. Jowett, Mr. Patteson at Lincoln, and Dr. Perceval at Trinity, not to name others equally • A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation. By M. Creighton, M.A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In Two Vols. London: Longmans. 1882. 325

macy was once essential, and the other that it is no longer so. Around these two points of controversy the battle of the Reformation still rages, and no writer is competent to handle the subject of the Papacy during the Reformation period, who is unable to look at the subject in this white light of the critical temper. Ranke, in his history of the Reformation and the Counter Reformation, as we may call the revival of the Papacy under the early Jesuits, has handled the subject in a calm and judicial spirit. He creates the impression that secular and religious history are only two sides of the same movement, and this is a point of view which Church historians seldom attain to. To understand the Reformation, for instance, in Germany, and the Counter Reformation of Italy and Spain, it is essential that the historian should take in the whole train of causes which led to that disruption between North and South Europe. It was a war quite as much of races as of religions. Church historians may use such phrases as schism. They may either justify the parting of Christ's garments, or blame the rending of His seamless robe, according as they approve or disapprove of the movement. But a truer perspective should teach us that there were many forces in operation to produce such an upheaval as this. It is only the student who has traced the growth of the Roman supremacy through its ten stages, extending over as many centuries, that is competent to deal with the causes of its overthrow. If it is true that Rome was not built in a day, it is equally certain that its overthrow was the result of as many forces operating from many different quarters.

last visit to Hus. John of Chlum manfully adof the sturdy moral spirit which Hus had awakened in his followers: "We are laymen and cannot advise you; consider, however, and if you feel that you are guilty in any of in recanting. If, however, you do not feel the matters laid to your charge, have no shame yourself guilty, by no means act contrary to your conscience, and do not lie in the sight of God, but rather persevere unto death in the truth which you know." Hus answered: “If thing erroneous, contrary to the law and the I knew that I had written or preached any. Church, God is my witnesss that I would in all humility retract. But my wish always has been that better doctrine be proved to me out of Scripture, and then I would be most ready to recant." One of the Bishops said indignantly, "Will you be wiser than the whole Council?" Hus answered, "Show me the least member of the Council who will inform me better out of the Scriptures, and I will forthwith retract." "He is obstinate in his heresy," exclaimed the prelates, and Hus was led back to his prison.

dressed him, and his words are a strong proof

a tree, in which the shoots of one year are turned by us to the Council. He said that,
the branches of the next, and so on; fresh fearing to offend God, and fearing to commit
processes always springing up in this way, the articles brought against him. On July 5,
perjury, he was unwilling to retract any of
there is the same internal growth. Like at Sigismund's request, the Bohemian nobles,
effects spring from like causes; the poli- John of Chlum and Wenzel of Duba, accom
tico-ecclesiastical centre of Christendompanied the representatives of the Council on a
was not removed from Rome by a single
shock. This would be to put into
Luther's hand the hammer of Thor, and
to make him like the god of Scandinavian
mythology, the force by which mountains
were upheaved or dashed into splinters,
and the boulders scattered over the plain
by one tap of his playful mallet. Neither
in physical nor political history is this
mythopoeic conception admissible. The
divisions of Church history into pre and
post Reformation periods, is arbitrary and
unhistorical. We are the last to agree
with the Oxford school of theology, which
has dubbed itself Anglican for want of a more
definite name, but it has, at least, this
merit, as a writer in the Pall Mall pointed
out the day after Dr. Pusey's death, that
it assisted us to rise to a truer conception
of the continuity of history. The popular
view was that Church history for the fifteen
centuries, from the Apostles' days to the
Reformation, was one wide desert, dotted
with a few oases. There were Elims and
Rephidims, but the march of the Church
was generally like that of the chosen
people through a desert drear. To purge
the popular mind of the misconception, it
was necessary that some strong counter
theory, like that of apostolical succession,
and the continuity of the Church of un-
broken Christendom, should spring up as
it did in Oxford under the Tractarian
revival. After this has spent its force, and
one extravagance has, as is often the case,
corrected another, let us hope that the
Oxford school of history, which Mr.
Creighton represents, will get a hearing, and
educate the popular mind into something
more historical than the Milner or
D'Aubigné view of Church history, such
as we learned in our boyhood.

With regard to Mr. Creighton's compe-
tence to represent the Oxford school of
history in an important branch. of
Church history, we have every reason to
speak favourably. He writes with that
calm precision of judgment which shows
the trained thinker. He also succeeds,
in a few well-chosen sentences, in bring
ing before us a character in the midst of
his cotemporaries, and thus as seen in
the light of his surroundings. As an
illustration of this, we cannot do better
than quote the account of the martyrdom
of Hus, and his comments thereon:-

For this reason, to the student of the Reformation, the century preceding should be familiar if he is to trace effects to their true causes. The removal of the Papacy to Avignon and the seventy years captivity, there is the true turning-point of medieval history. True, that under Gregory XI. the Popes returned at last to Rome, but it was only to find the city a desert, their power in Italy gone, and the prestige of the Papacy sunk so low that, but for the Banderisti as they were called, or trained bands of Roman citizens, the Popes would have made their escape again, and perhaps abandoned Rome for ever. Then came the great schism, which lasted on for another half-century, or from 1375 to 1425, and was only healed at the Council of Constance by the election of a Pope who was more the nominee of the Council than of the Cardinals. We have only to glance at these incidents. of the century which preceded the birth to bid farewell to his various friends in BoHus resolutely prepared to die, and wrote of Luther, in order to see that the Re-hemia and at Constance. A tranquil yet deter formation, or the great schism between North and South Europe, was only the consequence and outcome of that other schism which Mr. Creighton relates the details of with much particularity. History, in a word, is always germinant, like

Sentence on Hus.

which he sends.

mined spirit breathes through his letters; the
charm of his personal character is seen in the
tenderness and thoughtfulness of the messages
the Council vainly endeavoured to prove to him
Repeated deputations from
the duty, the easiness, of recantation. At last,
on July 1, a formal answer in writing was re-

Next day, July 6, was a general session of the Council in the Cathedral, which Sigismund of mass Hus was kept standing in the porch attended in royal state. During the celebration with an armed escort. He was brought in to listen to a sermon on the sin of heresy from the Bishop of Lodi. He was stationed before a raised platform, on which was a stand conDuring the sermon Hus knelt in prayer. When taining all the articles of a priest's dress. the sermon was over a proctor of the Council demanded sentence against Hus. A doctor mounted the pulpit and read a selection from the condemned articles of Wyclif and the conclusions of the process against Hus. More than once Hus tried to answer to the charges, but he was ordered to keep silence. He plea led that he wished to clear himself of error in the eyes of those who stood by; afterwards they might deal with him as they chose. When be was forbidden to speak he again knelt in prayer. The number and rank, but not the names, of the witnesses to each charge, together with a summary of their testimony, was then read. Hus was aroused by hearing new charges brought against him-amongst others the monstrous assertion that he had declared himself to be the Fourth Person of the Trinity. He indignantly asked the name of the one doctor who was quoted as witness, but was answered that there was no need of naming him now. When he was charged with despising the Papal excommunication and refusing to answer the Pope's summons, he again protested that he had desired nothing had for that purpose come to Constance of more than to prove his own innocence, and his own free will, trusting in the Imperial safe conduct. As he said this he looked fixedly at Sigi-mund, who blushed through shame.

of the Council against Hus was read. First his

After this recital of his crimes, the sentence

writings, Latin and Bohemian, were condemned as heretical and ordered to be burnt. Hus asked how they could know that his Bohemian writings were heretical, seeing they that Hus himself as a pertinacious heretic be had never read them. The sentence went on, degraded from the priesthood. When the reading of the sentence was over, Hus prayed aloud: "O Lord Jesus Christ, pardon all my Thee. Thou knowest that they have falsely enemies, for Thy great mercy's sake, I beseech accused me, brought forward false witnesses and forged false articles against me. Pardon

them through Thy immense mercy." The Archbishop of Milan, with six other Bishops, proceeded to the formal degradation of Hus. He was set on the platform in the middle of the Cathedral, and was invested in the full priestly dress, with the chalice in his hand. Again he was exhorted to retract. He turned to the people, and, with tears streaming down his face, said, "See how these Bishops expect me to abjure: yet I fear to do so, lest I be a liar in the sight of the Lord-lest I offend my conscience and the truth of God, since I never held these articles which witness falsely against me, but rather wrote and taught the opposite. I fear, too, to scandalise the multitude to which I preached."

The Bishops then proceeded to his degradation. Each article of his priestly office was taken from him with solemn formality, and his tonsure was cut on four sides. Then it was pronounced, "The Church has taken from him all rights of the Church; and commits him to the secular arm." The paper cap, painted over with fiends, was put on his head, with the words "We commit your soul to the devil." Sigismund gave him to the charge of Lewis of Bavaria, who handed him to the civic officers for execution. As the procession passed out of the church Hus saw his books being burned in the churchyard. He was led out of the town the stake had been prepared. To the last he asserted to the bystanders that he had never taught the things laid to his charge. When he was bound to the stake and Lewis of Bavaria again begged him to recant, Hus answered that the charges against him were false: "I am prepared to die in that truth of the Gospel which I taught and wrote." As the pile was kindled Hus began to sing from the Liturgy :O Christ, Son of the living God, have mercy upon

into a suburb called Bruel, where in a meadow

fancy of her own free will. It is much, also, to be regretted that her ladyship did not take the trouble to understand the Transvaal question before she freely blames the Boers for doing what she admires the Zulu king for doing. If it was right in the one case to resist English aggression, it was equally so in the other. The Boers have as much right to the Transvaal as Cetewayo to Zululand. They are neither of them native to the soil; they are both interlopers where they are ; but for this surely they are not to be called to account by England, the greatest interloper of all.

Colonial Feeling.

Riding on to the head of the column, I was able to take more notice of the manner in

which the troops were received. A few feeble cheers strove to make themselves heard; but they sounded more like wails than anything else, and the onlookers consisted chiefly of Boers. The greater portion of the English colonists manifested their disapproval of our home policy by closing up their houses and keeping within; the few who did put in an appearance regarding it with grave disapproval. A well-dressed looking Englishman who stood near came up and addressed me:"How long do those troops remain here?" he asked, "and why have they come ?"

ingly to be talked about, and for no better | British soldier. Thus, in the journey | On the whole, perhaps, it is as well we or higher motive. This may suit her taste into the interior, one of the waggons stuck are at peace with the Boers. Colonial and be her own business. When her in a position from which its extrication wars are seldom profitable, except to the ladyship rushes into print, however, the appeared impossible. Then ensued a people who get us drawn into them, and case is altered. When she publishes her scene of disgusting cruelty on the part of then, when Imperial treasures are to be scampers, and gives us her opinions, we the drivers, and, adds her ladyship, drawn on, everything goes on swimmingly. have a right to ask for something that we "several soldiers in charge of the waggon, Our author accounts for the terrible loss did not know before, and that opinions, instead of interposing to prevent such of oxen, of which she was the witness, when expressed, may be founded on cruelty, seemed to look upon it as an on the supposition that, as the owner would knowledge. In this respect her ladyship's amusing spectacle, and one of them draw- be compensated by the English Governbook fails to satisfy the reader. The story ing his knife began to prog one of the ment, he was quite reckless in the matter. of the hardships of travel in South Africa animals with the blade. In its agony the It is to be feared, also, that in other ways has been told a thousand times. We know poor brute reared up and fell backwards, the colonists make heavy claims on the all about Kimberley and the diamond while the rest, in their fright and Imperial Government, or rather on the mines, and now that Cetewayo has been terror, became inextricably mixed in British taxpayer. At Potchefstroom she restored it is needless to insist on his each other's gear." When we read of saw a large store, which had been abanrights. By the way, it is a pity that Lady choice little dinners and some excellent doned, the owner of which had sent in a Dixie cannot make up her mind as to the champagne we can understand, not only claim for £200,000. It is to be ques proper way in which to spell the black the expense of our colonial wars, but their tioned whether any store in that little town monarch's name. Perhaps, like Lord delays. Men who are waiting for the had ever had assortment of goods of anyMalmesbury, her ladyship thinks spelling waggons to come up with the material for thing like that value. At Potchefstroom of little importance. At times he is called choice little dinners and excellent cham- she thus describes Ceteshwayo, at times Seketwayo. It would pagne, are prevented from taking time by be less confusing to the reader if her lady- the forelock-the great secret of success ship would make up her mind, and not in war. One would have thought that our with charming, but feminine, fickleness, brave warriors could have waited till they use either name, according to the sweet were back at the Cape or Natal for the luxuries of which her ladyship writes. The impedimenta, of which Lady Dixie writes, and which certainly excited her surprise, must have been specially disastrous in our fight with the Boers, who in time of war live on strips of raw meat cut from the most fleshy parts of the trek ox and hung round the camp to dry. On this, adds her ladyship, they thrive, and in time of war find it is specially adapted to their requirements. It is light and easy to carry, few waggons, corresponding to the commissariat of our army, are wanted; it requires no cooking, so that fires, if undesirable, can be dispensed with; and on this the Boer can live contentedly and flourish, retaining his health and strength. Our soldiers seem to fancy that in time of war they are to live as well as in time of peace at home. Hence, not improbably, their failure when they had to fight the Boers. The attack on Amajuba her ladyship does not think so wonderful a feat as it was represented at the time in certain quarters; but she admits that the Boers were men to whom such feats of hardihood were familiar from their earliest childhood, and to whom the ascent of any mountain was easy. Poor The expression of opinion volunteered so President Brand must have had an uneasy freely by this colonist was but a type of the time of it. When he came on a friendly universal feeling that I found everywhere mission to the camp of the whites, there prevalent amongst Englishman. Disgust and was a hot discussion on the subject of the minds of the settlers harboured all that was contempt had asserted their reign, and the war. "President Brand," we are told, bitter and unforgiving towards the authors of "found many assailants, and when at a loss a policy which they asserted would be their for a reply, warded off the attack by ruin. In a stationer's window I saw two large pious ejaculations. Far into the night Mr. Gladstone. Garlands of immortelle flowers prints-one of Lord Beaconsfield, the other of the arguments were prolonged." Lady adorned the frame of the former, and the Dixie has little sympathy with him or his words, "Sacred to the Memory of Him who cause, yet she has her misgivings, and brought us Peace with Honour," were prettily on one occasion, as they were marching arranged in letters composed of many-coloured through the swamp country, she ex-by, draped in crape, hung the likeness of Mr. flowers at the bottom of the picture. Close claimed, "What havoc and confusion Gladstone reversed, and the words "Death to could not fifty Boers have made in those Honour" arranged in letters composed of long struggling lines of waggons without, faded flowers. which the British soldier cannot march."

It is unfortunate that Lady Dixie has seen nothing of the people of South Africa with whom we are more inmediately concerned. If the country be one of misfortune, we may ask what is the Had she visited Bishop remedy? Colenso, she would have learnt something; had she talked with the Colonial state men in Cape Town, she might have heard weighty matter; but her time see us to have been chiefly occupied in accompanying our noble army, in daring feats of horsemanship, and horse-racing, and gaiety, and she learns and retails their ideas. "Had a book been compiled," she tells us, "containing all the epithets and abuse hurled at the Government who had so debased and lowered the glory and prestige of England during the six months I passed in South Africa, I verily believe that the volume in question would have been great beyond all human power to lift." However, in one respect, Lady Dixie does good service. She shows that in the way of army reform much remains to be accomplished ere we shall have an efficient force to tackle with natives, in case of war. She also shows the demoralising influence of war, and the less and thoughtless cruelty of the

"It is a pretty well understood matter," I replied, "that the sealed orders of the General will instruct him to remain at Potchefstroom two or three days, and then march down country, whence he came."

thing?" again inquired my friend.
"And he leaves here no garrison-no-

"I believe not," I answered. "We have marched through the Transvaal to assert the Queen's authority; we shall now display a Uunion Jack, burn a bonfire, and then return clusion that the Transvaal is to be returned to with honour. It is almost a foregone conthe Boers. This march through the country is doubtless done to pacify the public at home."

"Pah!" said the man, turning away; "they need not have troubled to come; we don't want them. The sooner they go the better."

It is to be feared the Boers treat the

December 1, 1882.

natives very badly. As an illustration we | better, if we may credit the account given quote Lady Dixie's account of

A Boer and His Slave,

As I was standing at the door of the inn, after supper, trying to obtain a little fresh air, for the interior was somewhat stuffy and redolent with Boer tobacco, a spider, drawn by two horses, pulled up in front of me, and a fat, puffing Boer descended, having previously committed the care of the reins to a confused, shivering heap of something, which at first I could not distinguish. The voice of the visitor was then heard calling loudly for brandy, which was followed by an explanation that it was taken to warm himself. He had fat on him, however, enough and to spare to protect himself from cold, and I am afraid the excuse was not believed by any one, though, for all anybody cared, he was welcome to drink twenty tots, as he called them, so long

as he did not make himself obnoxious afterwards.

While he was indulging in his potations I
advanced close up to the spider for the purpose
of making an inspection of the shivering heap
that held the reins. Examination proved it to
be a poor, half-naked Hottentot or Bushman,
who, cowering in a ragged blanket, was en-
"Here is a subject
deavouring to get warm.
to whom a glass of brandy would do some

benefit." I called out to the landlord inside,
and upon his making his appearance I re-
quested him to bring forth a good strong tot.
The Boer at this juncture made his appearance
rather drunk, and decidedly an unpleasant
neighbour. Mounting his spider, he was pro-
ceeding to take his departure, when, springing
to the horses' heads, I restrained them.
"What
"What is de matter?" he called out.
do you stop zee horses for?
"Nothing," I answered, "except to give
that poor, shivering slave of yours a drink,
and you are not going on until he has had one,
either."

"What! you give zee dog a drink?" questioned my drunken friend, full of astonish

ment.

'Dog?" I replied. "I don't know what you call dog; if he is one, all I can say is that he is a much nicer creature than you are."

were

"But I am in zee hurry," continued the " and I want to Boer, with a drunken hiccup, get on," he added, touching up his horses. The animals sprang forward, but I managed to restrain them; and my husband coming effectually to my assistance, they stopped. By this time the landlord made his appearance, and, taking the glass from his hands, I told him to run quickly for a pipe, a box of matches, and some tobacco. I then proceeded to give the Hottentot his drink; but for a long time he could not be made to understand that it was for him. When, however, this dawned upon him, his face of astonishment, wonder, and gratitude was worth seeing. His eyes filled with tears as he took the glass with his poor, trembling hands, and in broken English I heard him thank me, though in a low voice, "Good lady-kind missus," he said, "English lady you areBoer."

—English very kind, not like the

I next proceeded to make him happy with the pipe, box of matches, and tobacco I had sent for; and presenting him in addition with a warm blanket, I then told my drunken friend that he was at liberty to proceed. The potations, however, were taking effect, his head had sunk on his chest, and the reins were dropping from his hands. Having called the Hottentot's attention to his master's state, the man took the reins, and thanking the "kind missus once more, proceeded to act the part of Jehu.

by Lady Dixie of

The Kimberley Hospital.

In sad contrast to this comfortable abode
was the Government Hospital, which we next
visited, and in which were huddled a great
many white, as well as black, patients. Into
the ward-room set aside for the former, the
wind and rain both found their way, and the
walls were damp and of unhealthy appearance.
The room or out-house set aside for the Kaffirs
more resembled a barn, as indeed it was, than
anything else; and the miserable aspect of the
poor sufferers therein was pitiable to behold.
Many lay on mattresses on the ground, where
the cold draughts swept over them night and
day, and on which they were stretched out,
helpless to move or assist themselves. One
poor sightless Kaffir, who had lain on his bed
of sickness and pain in this miserable hole for
over two years, informed us that it was the
dream of his life to return to Maritzburg,
where his parents were living. On inquiring
why the Government did not gratify this wish,
I was informed that the several waggoners
passing down country who had been spoken
to on the subject, had demanded two or three
pounds over the sum which the Government
was disposed to grant; and that, in conse-
quence, it was preferred to keep him on its
hands, rather than expend these two or three
extra pounds in gratifying the oft-repeated
prayer of the sick and sightless man! I no
longer regretted having paid a visit to this
quarter, and having left the matter in Dr.
Matthews' hands, I am convinced that by this
time the poor man is at last made happy.

On another bed hard by a man lay dying.
He had that morning undergone the amputa-
tion of both arms and legs, and now in this
den of misery was eking out the last few hours
Poor wretch! His hot, dry lips were
of life.
parched and cracked with thirst; but by his
side there was no attendant to see to his wants,
and soothe with care and tenderness his few
remaining hours of existence. Other sights
and scenes of suffering met me wherever I
turned; but, sickened and disgusted at be-
holding what I could neither help nor remedy,
I begged my companions to hasten their de-
parture. Subsequent inquiry as to the manner
in which this hospital was provided for by
Government proved to me that the only at-
tendants of the many sick I had seen were one
old man and his wife, whose duties were too
numerous to be properly fulfilled; the entire
charge of the hospital, care of its inmates,
as well as all the cooking, cleaning, and other
menial tasks, devolving entirely on their
shoulders. What wonder, then, that this over-
worked pair could find no time to devote to
the dying man, whose miserable condition I
have just described? That this description is
exaggerated in any way is by no means the
case; rather have I failed to find adequate
words to depict it in its real light; but that
such a cerdition of things is a disgrace to any
responsible Government is a fact which it is
impossible to lose sight of, and in which I am
sure my readers will agree.

Lady Dixie writes like a clever woman;
but her style is now and then a little too
slangy, as when she writes of "the terrible
slating of the 58th "an expression better
fitted for the mess-table than for the use of
a lady of rank.

The Diamond Ring.

By Elizabeth Harcourt Mitchell. (London:
We
Masters and Co.) A brightly written story,
with moral aim and High Church tone.
will not disclose the mystery of the ring, but
may state that its diamonds ultimately served
to adorn a chalice presented to a young Ritua-

However, we ourselves are but little listic clergyman

GARIBALDI.*

[SECOND NOTICE.]

THERE was in Garibaldi's nature a sort of innocent lawlessness, fostered by his wild life in South America, which, while it added to the charm of his originality, could not fail to bear disagreeable fruits in this conventional old world of ours.

When he was

He had sometimes as little regard for
established customs and prejudices as the
know what troubles his contempt for ex-
primeval man in the Garden of Eden. We
pediency entailed in important matters,
and also in small things it not unfrequently
caused unpleasant scenes.
at the zenith of his fame, he made his
first appearance in an Italian Parliament in
Turin, April, 1861, dressed in the red shirt,
It was an odd costume for such
gray mantle, and a Spanish sombrero in
an assembly, and in another man would
his hand.
have been theatrical; but not in Garibaldi,
as free from every vulgar
who was
artifice as it is possible to imagine a
popularity.
popular hero who loved
It may be that he wore this dress in a
defiant and angry spirit, for, in Naples,
when he was in a

66

good" frame of mind, he put on the Sardic uniform to go on board Admiral Mundy's ship to meet the Neapolitan envoys; but there was nothing premeditated in it, we feel sure, for he said he meant no disrespect to the House, and we cannot doubt him.

Tremendous applause from all sides of the Chamber greeted the hero's advent; but when this warm welcome was over, a on the subject of the Volunteer Army, to painful and acrimonious discussion began advocate the claims of which the General had come with a speech prepared, and accompanied by two literary men, one on each side.

He would have done as well without the professors' tutelage, for he soon broke loose from their decorous a considerable control, and gave his passion rein. At this period there was amount of jealousy and irritation on the part of the Volunteers against the Regulars; they thought it hard that having fought more, risked more, suffered more, for the cause of Italy than the Royal troops, they should be disembodied like ordinary militia in time of peace, while was intensely attached to his followers, and still eager for martial service. Garibaldi would rather be slighted and injured in his own person than see them wronged. They knew this, and beset him with complaints, inflaming his anger against the Government; for it is needless to say the Volunteer Army was not all composed of Garibaldis and Bixios, and much personal vanity and ambition entered into the question, though it must be acknowledged their case seemed a hard one. On We know, from embarrassing position. the other hand, the Ministry was in a very recently discovered letters of Cavour how

Garibaldi. By Giuseppe Guerzoni. With D published and unpublished, Topographical P Fac-simile. Two Volumes. Florence: G. Bay