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Let ABC be a triangle having the angle ABC equal to the Book L angle ACB; the side AB is also equal to the side AC.

D

A

off DB a 3.1.

For if AB be not equal to AC, one of them is greater than the other: let AB be the greater, and from it cut equal to AC, the less, and join DC; therefore, because in the triangles DBC, ACB, DB is equal to AC, and BC common to both, the two sides DB, BC are equal to the two AC, CB, each to each; and the angle DBC is equal to the angle ACB; therefore the base DC is equal to the base AB, and the triangle DBC is equal to the triangle ACB, the less to the greater: which is absurd. Therefore AB is not unequal to AC, that is, it is equal to it. Wherefore, if two angles, &c, Q. E. D. COR. Hence every equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

b

PROP. VII. THEOR.

B

b 4. 1.

C

UPON the same base, and on the same side of it, there cannot be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base See Note. equal to one another, and likewise those which are terminated in the other extremity.

If it be possible, let there be two triangles ACB, ADB, upon the same base AB, and upon the same side of it, which have their sides CA, DA, terminated in the extremity A of the base equal to one another, and likewise their sides CB, DB, that are terminated in B.

Join CD; then, in the case in which the vertex of each of the triangles is without the other triangle, because AC is equal to AD, the angle ACD is equal to the angle ADC: but the angle ACD is greater than the angle BCD; therefore the angle ADC is greater also than BCD;

AL

C D

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B

much more then is the angle BDC greater than the angle BCD. Again, because CB is equal to DB, the angle BDC is equal a to the angle BCD'; but it has been demonstrated to be a 5. greater than it; which is impossible.

Book L

a 5. 1.

F

But if one of the vertices, as D, be within the other triangle ACB; produce AC, AD to E, F; there E fore, because AC is equal to AD in the triangle ACD, the angles ECD, FDC upon the other side of the base CD are equal to one another, but the angle ECD is greater than the angle BCD; wherefore the angle FDC is likewise greater than BCD; much more than is the angle BDC greater then the angle BCD. Again, because CB is equal to DB, the angle BDC is equal to the angle BCD; but BDC has been proved A

.

to be greater than the same BCD; which is impossible. The case in which the vertex of one triangle is upon a side of the other, needs no demonstration.

Therefore upon the same base, and on the same side of it, there cannot be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise those which are terminated in the other extremity. Q. E. D.

PROP. VIII. THEOR.

IF two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and have likewise their bases equal; the angle which is contained by the two sides of the one shall be equal to the angle contained by the two sides equal to them, of the other.

Let ABC, DEF be two triangles, having the two sides AB, AC equal to the two sides DE, DF, each to each, viz. AB to DE. and AC to A

DF; and also the

base BC equal to
the base EF. The
angle BAC is e
qual to the angle
EDF.

For, if the tri

D

G

angle ABC be ap

plied to DEF, so

B

СЕ

F

that the point B be on E, and the straight line BC upon EF; the point C shall also coincide with the point F. Because

BC is equal to EF; therefore BC coinciding with EF, BA and Book I AC shall coincide with ED and DF; for, if the base BC coincides with the base EF, but the sides BA, CA do not coincide with the sides ED, FD, but have a different situation, as EG, FG; then, upon the same base EF, and upon the same side of it, there can be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise their sides terminated in the other extremity; but this is impossible; therefore, if the base BC coincides with a 7. 1. the base EF, the sides BA, AC cannot but coincide with the sides ED, DF; wherefore likewise the angle BAC coincides with the angle EDF, and is equal to it. Therefore if two b 8. Ax. triangles, &c. Q. E. D.

ر

PROP. IX. PROB.

TO bisect a given rectilineal angle, that is, to divide it into two equal angles.

Let BAC be the given rectilineal angle, it is required to bisect it.

A

b 1. t.

Take any point D in AB, and from AC cut off AE equal to a 3. 1. AD; join DE and upon it describe b an equilateral triangle DEF; then join AF; the straight line AF bisects the angle BAC.

sides EA, AF,

Because AD is equal to AE, and AF is common to the two triangles DAF, EAF; the two sides DA, AF, are equal to the each to each; equal to the b angle DAF is cy

EAF; wherefore the

the straight line AF,

he base DF is

; therefore thè

to the angle B

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given rectilineal angle BAC is bisected by

which was to be done.

PROP. X. PROB.

TO bisect a given finite straight line, that is, to di

vide it into two equal parts.

Let AB be the given straight line: it is required to divide it

into two equal parts.

Describe upon it an equilateral triangle ABC, and bisect a 1.1. the angle ACB by the straight line CD. AB is cut into two b 9.1. equal parts in the point D.

Book 1.

0 4.1.

Because AC is equal to CB, and CD common to the two triangles ACD, BCD; the two sides AC, CD are equal to BC, CD, each to each; and the angle AGD is equal to the angle BCD; there fore the base AD is equal to the base DB, and the straight line AB is divided into two equal parts in the point D. Which was to be done.

MA

Α

D

B

PROP. XI. PROB.

TO draw a straight line at right angles to a given straight line, from a given point in the same.

Let AB be, a given straight line, and C a point given in it: See Note. it is required to draw a straight line from the point C at right angles to AB.

23. 1.

b 1. 1.

8. 1.

F

Take any point D in AC, and a make CE equal to CD, and upon DE describe b the equilateral triangle DFE, and join FC; the straight line FC drawn. from the given point C is at right angles to the given straight line AB.

A D

E B

Because DC is equal to CE, and FC common to the two triangles DCF, ECF; the two sides DC, CF, are equal to the two EC, C ach to each; and the base DF is equal to the base EF; therefore the angle DCF is equal to the angle ECF; and they are adjacent angles. But, when the adjacent angles which one straight line makes with another straight line are equal to one another, each of them is called a right angle; therefore each of the angles DCF, ECF, d 10. Def. is a right angle. Wherefore, from the given point C, in the given straight line AB, FC has been drawn at right angles to AB. Which was to be done.

1.

COR. By help of this problem, it may be demonstrated, that two straight lines can cannot have a common segment.

If it be possible, let the two straight lines ABC, ABD have the segment AB common to both of them. From the poirt B draw BE at right angles to AB; and because ABC is a straight

line, the angle CBE is equal to the angle EBA; in the same manner, because ABD is a straight line, the angle DBE is equal to the angle EBA; wherefore the angle DBE is equal to the angle CBE, the less to the greater; which is impossible; therefore twostraight lines can-A not have a common segment.

PROP. XII. PROB,

E

D

B

C

TO draw a straight line perpendicular to a given straight line of an unlimited length, from a given) point without it.

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Let AB be the given straight line, which may be produced to any length both ways, and let C be a point without it. It is required to draw a straight line perpendicular to AB from the point C.

Take any point Dupon the other side of AB, and from the centre C, at the distance CD, describe the circle FDG meeting AB in F, G; and, bisect FG in H, and join CF,

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C

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A

F

D

B

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CH, CG; the straight line CH, drawn from the given point C, to the given straight line AB.

is perpendi Because

qual to HG, and HC common to the two

e

tri

Book I. a 10. Def.

1.

b 3. Post.

c 10. 1.

angles FHC, e two sides FH, HC are equal to the two GH, HC, each 1; and the base CF is equal to the base d 15, Def. CG; therefore the angle CHF is equal to the angle CHG; and 1. they are adjacent angles; but when a straight line standing on à e 8. 1. straight line makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of them is a right angle, and the straight line which stands upon the other is called a perpendicular to it; therefore from the given point C a perpendicular CH has been drawn to the given straight line AB. Which was to be done

PROP. XIII. THEOR.

THE angles which one straight line makes with another upon the one side of it, are either two right angles, or are together equal to two right angles.

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