PROB. B. THEOR.

IF an angle of a triangle be bisected by a straight line, which likewise cuts the base; the rectangle contained by the sides of the triangle is equal to the rectangle contained by the segments of the base, together with the square of the straight line bisecting the angle.

Let ABC be a triangle, and let the angle BAC be bisected by the straight line AD; the rectangle BA, AC is equal to the rectangle BD, DC, together with the square of AD.

same

D

Describe the circle a ACB about the triangle, and produce AD to the circumference in E, A and join EC: then because the angle BAD is equal to the angle CAE, and the angle ABD to the angleb AEC, for they are in the B segment; the triangles. ABD, AEC are equiangular to one another: therefore as BA to AD, so is EA to AC, and consequently the rectangle BA, AC is equal to the rectangle EA, AD, that is, to the rectangle ED, DA, together with the square of AD: but the rectangle ED, DA is equal to the rectanglef BD. DC. Therefore the rectangle BA, AC is equal to the rectangle BD, DC, together with the square of AD. Wherefore, if an angle, &c. Q. E. D.

PROP. C. THEOR.

E

IF from any angle of a triangle a straight line be drawn perpendicular to the base; the rectangle contained by the sides of the triangle is equal to the rectangle contained by the perpendicular and the diameter of the circle described about the triangle.

Let ABC be a triangle, and AD the perpendicular from the angle A to the base BC; the rectangle BA, AC is equal to the rectangle contained by AD and the diameter of the circle described about the triangle.

A

THE rectangle contained by the diagonals of a See Note, quadilateral inscribed in a circle, is equal to both the rectangles contained by its opposite sides.

Let ABCD be any quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, and join AC, BD; the rectangle contained by AC, BD is equal to the two rectangles contained by AB, CD, and by AD, BC*.

a 21. 3.

b.4. 6.

C

c 16.6.

Make the angle ABE equal to the angle DBC; add to each of these the common angle EBD, then the angle ABD is equal to the angle EBC: and the angle BDA is equal a to the angle BCE, because they are in the same segment; therefore the triangle ABD is equiangular to the triangle BCE: wherefore b as BC is to CE, so is BD to DA; and consequently the rectangle BC, AD is equal to the rectangle BD, CE: again, because the angle ABE is equal to the angle DBC, and the angle a BAE to the angle BDC, the triangle ABE is equiangular to the triangle BCD: as therefore BA to AE, so is BD to DC; wherefore the rectangle BA,

C

D

DC is equal to the rectangle BD, AE: but the rectangle BC, AD has been shown equal to the rectangle BD, CE: therefore the whole rectangle AC, BD d is equal to the rect-d 12 angle AB, DC, together with the rectangle AD, BC. Therefore the rectangle, &c. Q. E. D."

• This is a Lemma of Cl. Ptolomæus, in page 9 of his payaan uy

THE

ELEMENTS OF EUCLID.

BOOK XI.

DEFINITIONS.

I.

Book XI. A SOLID is that which hath length, breadth, and thickness.

II.

That which bounds a solid is a superficies.

III.

A straight line is perpendicular, or at right angles to a plane, when it makes right angles with every straight line meeting it in that plane.

IV.

A plane is perpendicular to a plane, when the straight lines drawn in one of the planes perpendicularly to the common section of the two planes, are perpendicular to the other plane.

V.

The inclination of a straight line to a plane is the acute angle
contained by that straight line, and another drawn from the
point in which the first line meets the plane, to the point
in which a perpendicular to the plane drawn from any point
of the first line above the plane, meets the same plane.
VI.

The inclination of a plane to a plane is the acute angle con-
tained by two straight lines drawn from any the same point
of their common section at right angles to it, one upon one
plane, and the other upon the other plane.

VII.

Two planes are said to have the same, or a like inclination to Book XI.
one another, which two other planes have, when the said
angles of inclination are equal to one another.

VIII

Parallel planes are such which do not meet one another though
produced.

IX.

A solid angle is that which is made by the meeting of more See Note than two plane angles, which are not in the same plane, in

one point.

X.

The tenth definition is omitted for reasons given in the notes.' See Note.

XI.

Similar solid figures are such as have all their solid angles See Notes
equal, each to each, and which are contained by the same
'number of similar planes.

XII.

A pyramid is a solid figure contained by planes that are consti-
tuted betwixt one plane and one point above it in which they

meet.

XIII.

A prism is a solid figure contained by plane figures, of which
two that are opposite are equal, símilar, and parallel to one
another; and the others parallelograms.

XIV.

A sphere is a solid figure described by the revolution of a
semicircle about its diameter, which remains unmoved.

XV.

The axis of a sphere is the fixed straight line about which the
semicircle revolves.

XVI.

The centre of a sphere is the same with that of a semicircle.
XVII.

The diameter of a sphere is any straight line which passes
through the centre, and is terminated both ways by the super-
ficies of the sphere.

A cone is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right
angled triangle about one of the sides containing the right
angle, which side remains fixed.

If the fixed side be equal to the other side containing the
right angle, the cone is called a right angled.cone; if it be
less than the other side, an obtuse angled, and if greater,
an acute angled cone,

The axis of a cone is the fixed straight line about which the triangle revolves.

XX.

The base of a cone is the circle described by that side containing the right angle, which revolves.

XXI.

A cylinder is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right angled parallelogram about one of its sides, which remains fixed.

XXII.

The axis of a cylinder is the fixed straight line about which the parallelogram revolves.

XXIII.

The bases of a cylinder are the circles described by the two revolving opposite sides of the parallelogram.

XXIV.

Similar cones and cylinders are those which have their axes and the diameters of their bases proportionals.

XXV.

A cube is a solid figure contained by six equal squares.

XXVI.

A tetrahedron is a solid figure contained by four equal and equilateral triangles.

XXVII.

An octahedron is a solid figure contained by eight equal and equilateral triangles.

XXVIII.

A dodecahedron is a solid figure contained by twelve equal. pentagons which are equilateral and equiangular.

XXIX.

An icosahedron is a solid figure contained by twenty equal and equilateral. triangles.

DEF. A..

A parallelopiped is a solid figure contained by six quadrifa teral figures, whereof every opposite two are parallel.