330. bipatentibus, also x. 5, of the council-hall of the gods; according to Servius, borrowed from Ennius. It must='opening both ways,' i. e. folding doors: and the idea in both passages is possibly that of 'wide' or 'spacious.'

332-334. angusta viarum, see on i. 422. oppositi, 'barring the way.' Med., y, a, c, have 'oppositis' (the three latter corrected to 'oppositi '). Vat., Rom. are wanting, and Pal. illegible: editors are therefore justified in keeping what gives best sense. stat, etc., the sharp sword stands with glittering point, ready drawn to slay.' primi, 'at the entrance:' cp. 1. 613, and i. 541. caeco Marte, 'fighting blindly:' cp. 1. 357 below and xii. 279: hardly (as Con.) = 'nocturno.'

335-337. numine, 'the will of heaven,' as declared in Panthus' words. tristis Erinys, ' the grim Fury of war.'

341. agglomerant, sc. 'se' from 1. 339: cp. i. 440, and xii. 457. Coroebus is post-Homeric (see Con. note); his love for Cassandra being probably suggested by Homer's Othryoneus (Il. xiii. 363 sqq.).

344. gener, as his daughter's spouse.' This term, like sponsae below, and 'coniugis' iii. 330, 'mariti' iv. 35, is used of a relationship which was only 'in posse.' See also Ecl. viii. 18.

346. audierit, conj. with causal qui.

347. audere in='have courage for:' cp. Stat. Theb. i. 439 ‘neque enim meus audeat istas Civis in usque manus;' and for audere' absol. Aen. ix. 320, xii. 159. A suggested (but unnecessary) correction is 'ardere,' as xii. 71. 'And when I see them gathered with courage for fight, I yet (super, adv.) address them thus-Soldiers, stout hearts though all in vain, if fixed be your will to follow my desperate venture' (extrema, acc. plur.).

351. See above on ll. 188, 326; and cp. Tac. Hist. v. 13 (of the siege of Jerusalem) exapertae repente delubri fores et audita major humana vox, excedere deos; simul ingens motus excedentium:' Josephus, i. 6. 5 xатà τὴν ἑορτὴν ἣ Πεντηκοστὴ καλεῖται, οἱ ἱερεῖς παρελθόντες εἰς τὸ ἔνδον ἱερὸν πρῶτον μὲν κινήσεως ἀντιλαβέσθαι ἔφασαν καὶ κτύπου, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα φωνῆς ἀθρόας, Μεταβαίνωμεν ἐντεῦθεν.

354. Cp. Milton, 'Par. Lost,' vi. 787 Hope conceiving from despair.' 355, 356. For the rhythm cp. Hom. Il. xi. 72 oi dè λúkol ws. The simile is common in poetry, e. g. 'The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold' (Byron); cp. Aen. ix. 59 sqq. 'As wolves that seek their prey amid the darkness, whom lawless rage of hunger has driven blindly forth' (or, 'forth into the night'). improba, see on G. i. 119.

357. caecos, above 1. 253; Hor. Epod. vii. 13.

358. siccis is explained by ix. 62 'siccae sanguine fauces,' 'unslaked with blood.'

360. cava, see i. 516. Some think nox... umbra a later insertion, because it repeats atra in nebula, and contradicts 1. 255 above. But the poet only uses different expressions for the general idea of night; cp. 11. 397, 420, 651. Ribbeck calls it 'tibicen ('a prop,' and so 'stop-gap:' cp. Juv. iii. 193) sed is quidem Vergilianus.'

367. quondam, ‘at times;' G. iii. 99, Aen. ii. 416, vii. 378, xii. 863;

Hor. Od. ii. 10. 18; Cic. Div. i. 43. 98 'cum saepe lapidum, sanguinis nonnunquam, terrae interdum, quondam etiam lactis imber defluxit.' Cp. the use of olim' in G. iv. 421.

369. pavōr et, see Introd. IV, p. lii. plurima mortis imago, ' many a vision of death.' Tac. Hist. iii. 28 applies the expression somewhat differently (to the appearance of a battle-field), 'varia pereuntium forma et omni imagine mortium:' cp. Thuc. iii. 81 mâoa idéa katéoтn Davátov.

374. rapiunt feruntque, 'plunder and pillage,' Greek pépei kaì åɣeiv. 373. nam, interrogative; see G. iv. 445.

377. sensit delapsus, an instance of the tendency in both Greek and Latin, where an object clause bears any relation to the subject, to attract it into nom. case; most frequently with verbs implying feeling, saying, thinking, etc., e. g. Hor. Epp. i. 7. 22 Vir bonus et sapiens dignis ait esse paratus,' Od. iii. 27 Uxor invicti Iovis esse nescis,' Catull. iv. 2 'Phaselus. ... ait fuisse navium celerrimus.' Such attraction was normal in Greek, nσeto éμñeσwv, etc.; but the Latin examples are not necessarily pure Graecisms.' Nor is it necessary with Gossrau (Excursus to Aen. ii.) to explain delapsus = 'quum delapsus esset,' and supply, as the object clause after sensit, se delapsum esse.'

378. cum voce; cp. 1. 72 above.

379-381. As one who unawares in some rough thicket has crushed a snake with heavy tread (humi nitens), and in sudden fright shrinks back as it rears its angry crest and puffs its dark neck.' Cp. G. iii. 421; and for a similar picture, Macaulay's 'Lay of Horatius,' stanza 49.

385. aspirat, smiles upon;' a metaphor for a favouring wind; cp. ix. 525.

388. dextra; cp. 'sese tulit obvia' i. 314. The principle of such constructions, as of 'sensit delapsus' 1. 377, is attraction.

390. in hoste, 'in the case of a foe;' see below 1. 541, and Ecl. viii. 83, note. 'What matters (lit. 'who would ask?') fraud or open fight in dealing with a foe?'

392. insigne, as 'insignia' above, refers probably to a 'device' or 'cognizance' upon the shield-". -the fairly blazoned shield;' cp. ix. 548. Possibly, however, the galea, clipeus, etc. are themselves the 'insignia.' 393. induitur, middle, ' puts on.'

394. iuventus, 'warriors;' cp. 1. 348 above, G. ii. 167.

6

The

396. haud numine nostro seems to explain immixti Danais, ‘under auspices not our own' (without our proper numen' to protect us). gods of Troy had forsaken them, and their temporary success was owing to their disguise as Greeks.

402. 'Alas! men may not trust in gods against their will!' i.e. the numina of the Greeks, to whom they trusted in assuming Greek arms, were not likely to favour them long, and so their success was short-lived.

409. armis, abl. 'with points together set;' cp. iii. 222, and 1. 383 above.

413. gemitu, etc., 'with a groan of rage at the maiden's rescue.'

416. As ofttimes meets the shock of winds when a hurricane bursts forth.' rupto, see on i. 246. quondam, above 1. 376

417. laetus (i. 275), Eurus in the pride of his Orient steeds;' cp. Hor. Od. iv. 4. 44 Eurus per Siculas equitavit undas,' Eur. Phoen. 209 πepißῥύτων ὑπὲρ ἀκαρπίστων πεδίων Σικελίας Ζεφύρου πνοαῖς ἱππεύσαντος.

421. tota urbe, 'over all the city;' the ordinary ablativus loci, distribution over space (which otherwise would need accus.) being expressed in the word 'totus;' cp. iv. 32, G. iii. 479.

422. mentita, ‘feigned,' 'counterfeit '—the participle of a deponent used passively, as i. 312, iii. 118, 143, 460, 475, ix. 53, etc. See Roby, Lat. Gr.

i. § 734.

423. ora, etc., 'mark the accents of a stranger voice '-lit. 'mark the mouths (or lips) discordant in sound from their own.'

424. ilicet ('ire licet'), used (1) literally by Plaut. Capt. iii. 1. 9 ‘Ilicet parasiticae arti in malam crucem ;' (2) as an expression of despair = 'all is over,' Ter. Eun. i. 1. 9 actumst; ilicet; peristi;' (3) 'straightway,' as here, cp. 1. 758 below, viii. 223.

426. unus strengthens the superl., ‘most just of all Troy's sons, most jealous of the right.' Cp. vii. 536, and the similar Greek idiom μáλioтa μíav πόλιν ἠδικηκότας Thuc. iii. 39; εἷς οἴωνος ἄριστος Hom. Il. xii. 243; οὗτός ἐστι πάντων εἷς ἀνὴρ τῶν μεγίστων αἴτιος κακῶν Dem. de Cor. 275. 16; ἕν ̓ ἄνδρ ̓ ἰδεῖν ἄριστον ̓Αργείων Soph. Αj. 1340.

428. aliter, i.e. they dealt with him as though he had been unjust. 'Heaven's will was not as ours.' Seneca (Ep. 98) recommends his friend upon any loss to say, 'Dis aliter visum,' or rather, 'Di melius.'

431-434. 'Ye ashes of Ilium, ye funeral flames of my kin, bear witness that in your last hour I shunned not Grecian shafts nor any changing blows; and had earned a soldier's death, had it been my fate to fall!' tela and vices (='interchange of blows') convey a general notion of fighting; but whether a distinction between hurling missiles ('eminus') and fighting hand to hand ('cominus') is intended, is at best doubtful. manu, i.e. by prowess, G. iii. 32 death is regarded as the meed of valour.

435. aevo gravior, 'laden with years;' see on Ecl. x. 43, and cp. ix. 246.

437. clamore, 'by the shouting.' vocati agrees with the subject of divellimur 1. 434, quorum ... Ulixi being a parenthesis.

438-441. ingentem pugnam and Martem indomitum are in apposition, and sic (1. 440) is correlative to ceu . . . forent. 'Here we find a mighty fray, a fight as stubborn as though all else were still (lit. as if the other conflicts were nowhere going on), the Danai pressing to the walls, and the gates beset by foes beneath their pent-house roof'—the 'testudo or ovvaσmoμós being formed (‘acta'). For a description of the 'testudo' see Liv. xxxiv. 39: and compare with the whole narrative the description of the taking of the Capitol (A. D. 69) in Tac. Hist. iii. 71.

443, 444. gradibus, the 'rungs' of the scaling ladders. They climb from step to step.' protecti, proleptic, 'for protection.' fastigia, 'the roof.' Originally='a slope' (cp. G. ii. 288); then, as an architectural term, a ' triangular pediment' or 'gable.' Roman houses had no gable-ends; and so when applied to them (as viii. 491) the word merely designates a roof rising to an apex, as distinct from a flat one (below 1. 458). Sometimes,

however, it=the pediment of a portico, like that of a temple, attached to the front of a mansion, such as was allowed to Caesar (Cic. Phil. ii. 43. IIO).

445, 446. tecta (Vat., Med., b, c, and gramm.) is in apposition to domorum culmina, 'the roofs that crown the palace.' Ribb. adopts 'tota' from Pal. (Ist hand), y, etc. ultima, rà eσxara, 'the last extremity.'

448. illa, Ribb. from Vat., Pal., a (1st hand), and apparently y (1st); alta, most editions from Med., a (2nd), b, c, etc. 'Alta' may have been suggested by i. 429 (see on G. ii. 382, 414, Aen. i. 668), as. may also the imitation cited from Stat. Theb. v. 424 magnorum decora alta patrum:' and on the whole, though with some doubt, I follow Ribbeck.

449. imas is virtually adverbial (i. 8) 'below,' as distinct from what was going on on the roof.

451. animi, ‘my spirits:' 'I took fresh heart.' rendo' (dat.) or ad succurrendum;' see G. i. 213.

· succurrere= succur

453-455. A description of a secret postern-gate, characterized by various expressions: see on i. 175. 'A door there was with hidden entrance, a thoroughfare twixt Priam's courts, a secret postern gate.'

457. soceros, i.e. Priam and Hecuba, her husband's parents.

460. in praecipiti, i.e. at the edge of the buildings, so as to fall headlong to the ground—' with sheer descent, rising toward the sky from the topmost roof' (or, taking tectis of the tower itself, 'with lofty roof').

463. ferro, i.e. 'crowbars.' summa, virtually adverbial, as 'imas ' 1. 449; 'where the floor above showed weakened joints.'

465. The change of tense to impulimus (perf. of instantaneous action), and the rhythm of this line express the sudden downfall of the tower. ruinam trahit, 'comes crashing down;' so 'ruinam dedit' 1. 310. For ea lapsa [Vat., Med., Pal. 2, b, c] Ribb. reads 'elapsa' [Pal. 1, y, a], but in a sense not elsewhere found; cp. e. g. l. 256 supr., i. 242, G. i. 244, ii. 305.

469. telis et luce, hendiadys; 'in brazen armour's flashing sheen.'

471-475. As darts some snake into the light-a snake full fed on noxious herbs, whose swollen form lay hid beneath the earth through winter's cold; bright with new youth, its old weeds cast, it lifts its breast and rolls its slimy length uprising to the sun, and flashes in its mouth its three-forked tongue.' Cp. G. iii. 425-439. in lucem belongs grammatically to convolvit, but is placed first to indicate the main point of the simile (cp. i. 148, vi. 707, xii. 908), thus obviating the necessity for a verb until 1. 474mala gramina pastus, Homer's Вeßршкùs какà páрμака Il. xxii. 94. tumidum perhaps suggests the poison brewing during hibernation : but it is a common epithet of snakes. exuviis, the 'cast-off skin' or 'slough:' cp. Shelley, 'Hellas' ad fin.:

'The earth doth like a snake renew

Her winter weeds outworn.'

477. pubes, see on G. ii. 167.

480-482. limina, of the whole door-way. fenestram, 'opening:' cp. Juv. i. 104 molles in aure fenestrae' (holes for ear-rings); Caes. B. Civ. ii. 9 'fenestrae ad tormenta mittenda' (loopholes); and metaphorically, Ter.

Haut. iii. 1. 72 'quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris' ('an opening for villainy').

485. armatos, i. e. 'the guards' of the palace, 1. 449 above.

487, 488. miscetur, G. i. 359, Aen. i. 125. cavae suggests sound echoing through a hollow space; see above 1. 53, and cp. ‘Eurydice the rocks and hollow mountains rung.' To suppose that the 'cavaedium' of a Roman house is intended, is to tie the language of poetical description too closely to matters of fact. aurea, a poetical epithet of what is lofty or splendid-'aurea Venus'x. 16; 'aurea dicta,' 'golden maxims,' Lucr. iii. 12; 6 'aureus aether,' 'the golden heaven,' Ov. Met. xiii. 586: cp. Hor. Od. i. 5. 9, ii. 10. 5. For the thought here cp. Tennyson, 'Morte d'Arthur,' 'A cry that shivered to the tingling stars.'

489. Cp. Liv. i. 29 (of the taking of Ardea) 'maestitia ita defixit omnium animos ut nunc errabundi domos suas ultimum illud visuri pervagarentur.'

491. vi patria, fierce as his sire.'

494. fit via vi, 'might wins a way.' Alliteration of the 'v' sound expresses force or pathos; cp. vi. 833, xi. 750, and on the use of alliteration by Latin poets, Munro's Lucretius, Introd. to Notes II. rumpunt aditus, cogn. acc., 'they force an entrance.'

501. centum, unless a round number to express a crowd, must include Priam's fifty daughters and fifty daughters-in-law. per aras, 'over,' or 'on the altars;' cp. G. ii. 527, Aen. iii. 631, iv. 56.

503, 504. spes tanta [Med., a, b, c, Servius] seems better than 'spes ampla' [Ribb. from Pal., Gud.]: but the reading is an open question. barbarico = 'Phrygio,' 'Asiatico,' according to the associations of Greek and Roman writers. So in the passage of Ennius preserved Cic. Tusc. i. 35, and obviously followed by Virgil, Andromache says of Trojan forces, 'adstante ope barbarica,' as Aeneas here calls Trojan gold barbaricum.' Cp. Eur. Orest. 1507, where a Trojan captive says, проσкʊvŵ σ', άvag, vóμolor Bapßápolσi проσniтνшv: and Hor. Epp. i. 2. 7 'Graecia barbariae (i. e. Asiae) lento collisa duello.'

509-511. aevo, see above 1. 435, and on Ecl. x. 43. arma, the 'lorica,' as xii. 8. cingitur, middle; ferrum being a cogn. acc.

512. Virgil has in mind the atrium' of a Roman house, with its 'compluvium' or opening in the roof to let out the smoke. The altar (of Zeùs Eρkelos) is represented as under this opening, where the impluvium' would stand, with shrubs planted round it, as in the 'patio' of modern Spanish houses. Cp. vii. 59; Hor. Od. iii. 10. 5 ‘nemus Intra pulchra satum tecta,' Stat. Silv. i. 3. 59 'Quid te, quae mediis servata penatibus, arbor, Tecta per et postes liquidas emergis in auras.'

518, 519. ipsum, i. e. even the old man. 'infatuation,' cp. G. i. 37.

mens dira, 'wild thought,'

521. defensoribus, i. e. Priam's arms. Not even Hector, says Hecuba, could save us now by force of arms; our only hope is in the sanctuary ; cp. iii. 260, 261, Con. quotes (from Henry) Aesch. Supp. 188-190, and Shakespeare 'Coriol.' i. 1. 68 'Your knees to them (the gods) not arms must help.' A wrong interpretation of 'defensoribus istis,' 'defenders such as