1693.-Curiously enough the first Mort. T. of modern history was constructed from data obtained from the City of Breslau, in Silesia, and thus has a German origin; but it was constructed in England, and, so far as we are aware, has never been made use of by any German Annu. or Life Asso.! [BRESLAU T. OF MORT.]

1765.-In the 2nd vol. of the 3rd ed. of Susmilch's Gottliche Ordnung, pub. this year, there was contained a T. of the prob. of living at every age, for the kingdon at large. This T. was generally used in Germany for all computations of life contin. during the last century. We give it, although it has many imperfections, in order to keep on record the first German Mort. T. deduced from German data, and used in Germany. From this T. (as corrected by Baumann ?) was calculated the values of single and joint life annu. for the Institution for Widows in the Duchy of Oldenberg. Also for another inst. of the same kind in Hamburg.

Year.

T. for Determining the Number of Deaths among 1000 Born at each Age of Life, and also for Determining the Prob. of Life, and other useful inferences:

From the data contained in Sussmilch's work (more especially T. No. 23 and 24 in vol. ii.) Herr Lambert calculated a T. exhibiting the law of mort. which prevails among mankind generally.

1772.—Berlin (City) T.—In the 2nd ed. of Dr. Price's Obs, on Reversionary Payments is given a T. "showing the prob. of life at Berlin, formed from the Bills for 4 years, from 1752 to 1755, given by Mr. Susmilch in his Gottliche Ordnung, vol. ii. p. 37, Tables," pub. this year. We have already printed this T. under BERLIN, but have there given the date of a later ed. of Dr. Price than the T. first appeared in. (See 1835.)

Brandenburg (Country Parish) T.-There was pub. in the 2nd ed. of Dr. Price's Reversionary Payments pub. this year a T. "showing the prob. of life in a country parish in Brandenburg, formed from the Bills for 50 years, from 1710 to 1759, as given by Mr. Susmilch in his Gottliche Ordnung, p. 43." This T. appears to have been computed by Dr. Price himself-thus, p. 347, "which I have formed from a regis. in Susmilch's works, of the ages at which the inhabitants of a country parish in Brandenburg died." (See 1775.)

1775.-At this date there was pub. by Susmilch, a T. for the entire Duchy or Kurmark of Brandenburg, which we have already given under BRANDENBURG.

1781.-The following are abstracts of the 3 orig. Mort. T. given by Herr Carl Chassot de Flourencourt, of which we have spoken under sub-heading Life Contingencies, this date. (See Table 1 below, and Tables 2 and 3 on the following page.)

1829.-On the founding of the Gotha Life Assu. Bank, which came into active operation this year, the promoters elected to have its rates of prem. deduced from Babbage's Equitable So. T. (first pub. in 1826); and this T. the So. continued to use down till a comparatively recent period, when a T. had been deduced from its own experience.

1831. On the founding of the Hanover Life, this year, the T. of prems. were deduced from a T. composed of the combined data of the Sussmilch and Baumann T., which, however, does not mean the Sussmilch-Baumann T. as generally understood.-See subheading Life Ins., 1831.

1832.-Prof. Littrow pub. in Vienna: Ueber Lebensversicherungen und andere Versorgungsanstalten; wherein a formula is given for the construction of Mort. T.

1835.-Dr. Casper pub. a Mort. T. for Berlin this year (male and female lives separate), which we have already given in extenso under BERLIN.

1837.-Brune's T.-This T. (of which there are several eds.), based upon the experience of the Prussian Widows Annuity So., was first pub. by Herr Rechnungsrath Brune, of Berlin, this year. The obs. then extended over a period of 58 years-from 1776 to 1834-and embraced a large amount of facts, extending over some 31,500 marriages. The data so collected was considered to throw a considerable light on the duration of life in Germany. "They represent what is equivalent to the selected lives

of Assu. Cos. in this country-for the male lives were required to undergo a strict examination as to their state of health." The Eds. of the Assu. Mag. say (vol. iii. p. 29), "They are the first German T. which can be considered to lay claim to close accuracy in the facts observed; and the Brunswick Annu. So. have chosen them, with some slight alterations, for the basis of their T. of rates."

In the Allgemeine Versicherungs-Zeitung for 1847, this T. is given (by Herr Masius), with the facts brought down by Herr Brune to 1845-being a further period of 11 yearsfor both male and female life:

Died.

MALES.-T. of Mort. according to the Experience of the Prussian Widows Annu. So. for 69 Years from 1776 to 1845. (BRune.)

Age.

Living at the In the course of the Year

Beginning

of the Year. Withdrawn.

The corresponding T. for FEMALES has already been given in extenso, under FEMALE LIFE, date 1847.

It will be seen on comparison that while Brune's T. shows a greater expec. of life than Finlaison's Gov. Annu. T. at the earlier ages of male life, this has ceased by age 30; and at all the later ages a longer expec. is shown among the English male annuitants than among Germans. The female Germans show a better expec. than the males; but they are still below the English Annuitant females.

The obs. in the combined T. cover a period of no less than 69 years, and include the statistics of about 80,000 married people alone. More than 5000 ins. lives are observed upon at the advanced age of 70, and over 700 at the extreme old age of 80. The T. may therefore well be regarded as an exponent of the value of insured life in Germany. The adjoining abstract furnishes a comparison of the per-centage of mort. shown by it, compared with that of Experience T. No. 2, and that of the American Experience T.:

Thus the mort. experienced by German insured lives is seen to be about one-fifth

greater than that of English insured life, and about one-third more than that of the Mutual Life of N. Y., upon which the American Experience T. is based.

"This T. of Brune's is perhaps the best of all the German T., and resembles in

many respects the Equitable Experience."-Assu. Mag. vol. xv. p. 294.

1839. Dr. Moser pub. in Berlin: Die Gesetze der Lebensdauer, etc., wherein was contained a formula from which a Mort. T. was afterwards constructed, regarding which we have no details.

1843. The 15th Ann. Rep. of the English Reg.-Gen. contained the following:

No Life Tables have been constructed for the pop. of Prussia; but the data exist, and have to a certain extent been pub., though in forms which present considerable obstacles to the calculation. The Census of Prussia, in which the ages are distinguished, is taken every 3 years; and periodical abstracts of the deaths have been carefully made by Mr. Hoffman. The ages of the living are, however, divided in an irregular manner, entirely different from the correct divisions adopted by Mr. Hoffman in the returns of deaths: which renders it impossible, without a preparatory interpolation, to compare the deaths with the living at the several given ages.

Table of Mort. for Hanover. (Tellkampf.)

1846.-Herr A. Tellkampf pub. in Hanover: Die Verhältnisse der Bevölkerung und der Lebensdauer im Königreich in Hannover: Ein Beitrag zur Statistik Deutschlands. This work contained a T. of Mort. for the kingdom of Hanover, for the period 1825 to 1843, in which Herr Hopf asserted that the greatest reliance might be reposed. Of this T. we only have the means of furnishing the adjoining brief abstract, giving the mort. p.c. at quinquennial periods of middle and advanced life:

In this T. the mort. was found to be greater than that of the Gotha Life [see 1855] at all the periods of age, except the last, when it was very much less.

Mort. p.c.

Ages.

26-30

I'II

31-35

I'25

36-40

I'35

41-45

1'48

1850.-Herr J. M. Romig pub. in Augsburg: Einige Worte über Wittwen- und Waisen-Verpflegungsanstalten nebst Einzahlungstabellen für Wittwenkassen, nach der Brune'schen Mortalitätstafel berechnet.

46-50

I'77

This T. we

61-65

5'70

have never seen.

66-79

7'91

1851.-Herr Masius, in his Address before the Ins. Convention held in London this year, made special reference to a T. for the kingdom of Saxony, prepared by the Statistical So. in Dresden, which T. we have next to notice.

1852-There was pub. in Dresden: Statistische Mittheilungen aus dem Konigreich Sachsen, Herausgegeben vom Statistischen Bureau des Ministerium des Inern. 1. II. Lieferung; wherein is contained a Life T. for Males in Saxony, compiled from data extending over the period 1834-50 by Herr Leonhardi. Of this T. too Herr Hopf has spoken as one in which the greatest confidence may be reposed. We are only able to furnish the annexed brief abstract of the mort. p.c.:

This T. was found to show a larger mort.