to say how accurate or particular any such may be; but this I know, that the best old maps of that kingdom are very defective. The great obvious defect that I have remarked in all maps of Scotland that have fallen in my way is, a want of a coloured line or stroke, that shall exactly define the just limits of that district called the Highlands. Moreover, all the great avenues to that mountainous and romantic country want to be well distinguished. The military roads formed by General Wade are so great and Roman-like an undertaking that they well merit attention. My old map, Moll's map, takes notice of Fort William; but could not mention the other forts that have been erected long since : therefore a good representation of the chain of forts should not be omitted. The celebrated zigzag up the Coryarich must not be passed over. Moll takes notice of Hamilton and Drumlanrig, and such capital houses; but a new survey, no doubt, should represent every seat and castle remarkable for any great event, or celebrated for its paintings, &c. Lord Breadalbane's seat and beautiful policy are too curious and extraordinary to be omitted. The seat of the Earl of Eglintoun, near Glasgow, is worthy of notice. The pine-plantations of that nobleman are very grand and extensive indeed. I am, &c. LETTER XLIII. To T. PENNANT, Esq. A PAIR of honey-buzzards, buteo apivorus, sive vespivorus Raii, built them a large shallow nest, composed of twigs and lined with dead beechen leaves, upon a tall slender beech near the middle of Selborne-hanger, in the summer of 1780 In the middle of the month of June a bold boy climbed this tree, though standing on so steep and dizzy a situation, and brought down an egg, the only one in the nest, which had been sat on for some time, and contained the embryo of a young bird. The egg was smaller, and not so round as those of the common buzzard; was dotted at each end with small red spots, and surrounded in the middle with a broad bloody zone. The hen-bird was shot, and answered exactly to Mr. Ray's description of that species; had a black cere, short thick legs, and a long tail. When on the wing this species may be easily distinguished from the common buzzard by its hawk-like appear ance, small head, wings not so blunt, and longer tail. This specimen contained in its craw some limbs of frogs and many gray snails without shells. The irides of the eyes of this bird were of a beautiful bright yellow colour.* About the tenth of July in the same summer a pair of sparrowhawks bred in an old crow's nest on a low beech in the same hanger and as their brood, which was numerous, began to grow up, became so daring and ravenous, that they were a terror to all the dames in the village that had chickens or ducklings under their care. A boy climbed the tree, and found the young so fledged that they all escaped from him; but discovered that a good house had been kept: the larder was well stored with provisions; for he brought down a young blackbird, jay, and housemartin, all clean picked, and some half devoured. The old birds had been observed to make sad havoc for some days among the new-flown swallows and martins, which, being but lately out of their nests, had not acquired those powers and command of wing that enable them, when more mature, to set such enemies at defiance. LETTER XLIV. To T. PENNANT, Esa. DEAR SIR, Selborne, Nov. 30, 1780. EVERY incident that occasions a renewal of our correspondence will ever be pleasing and agreeable to me. As to the wild wood-pigeon, the anas, or vinago, of Ray, I am much of your mind; and see no reason for making it the origin of the common house-dove: but suppose those that have advanced that opinion may have been misled by another appellation, often given to the anas, which is that of stock-dove. Unless the stock-dove in the winter varies greatly in manners from itself in summer, no species seems more unlikely to be domesticated, and to make a house-dove. We very rarely see the latter settle on trees at all, nor does it ever haunt the woods; but the former, as long as it stays with us, from November perhaps to February, lives the same wild life with the ring-dove, palumbus torquatus; frequents coppices and groves, supports itself chiefly • This elegant species, intermediate in character between the kites and buzzards, and posnessing otherwise some peculiarities, is now, together with a few others inhabiting the eastern contirænt, separated from the genus buteo, and ranged under the denomination pernis. It is of very rare occurrence in this country.-ED. by mast, and delights to roost in the tallest beeches. Could it be known in what manner stock-doves build, the doubt would be settled with me at once, provided they construct their nests on trees, like the ring-dove, as I much suspect they do. You received, you say, last spring a stock-dove from Sussex; and are informed that they sometimes breed in that county. But why did not your correspondent determine the place of its nidification, whether on rocks, cliffs, or trees? If he was not an adroit ornithologist I should doubt the fact, because people with us perpetually confound the stock-dove with the ring-dove. For my own part, I readily concur with you in supposing that house-doves are derived from the small blue rock-pigeon, for many reasons. In the first place the wild stock-dove is manifestly larger than the common house-dove, against the usual rule of domestication, which generally enlarges the breed. Again, those two remarkable black spots on the remiges of each wing of the stock-dove, which are so characteristic of the species, would not, one should think, be totally lost by its being reclaimed; but would often break out among its descendants.* But what is worth a hundred arguments is, the instance you give in Sir Roger Mostyn's house-doves in Caernarvonshire; which, though tempted by plenty of food and gentle treatment, can never be prevailed on to inhabit their cote for any time; but, as soon as they begin to breed, betake themselves to the fastnesses of Ormshead, and deposit their young in safety amidst the inaccessible caverns and precipices of that stupendous promontory. "Naturam expellas furcâ. . . tamen usque recurret." I have consulted a sportsman, now in his seventy-eighth year, who tells me that fifty or sixty years back, when the beechen woods were much more extensive than at present, the number of wood-pigeons was astonishing; that he has often killed near twenty in a day; and that with a long wild-fowl piece he has shot seven or eight at a time on the wing as they came wheeling over his head: he moreover adds, which I was not aware of, that often there were among them little parties of small blue doves, which he calls rockiers. The food of these numberless emigrants was beech-mast and some acorns; and particularly barley, which * A very good argument, as is sufficiently exemplified by the fact that the two conspicuous black bars on the wing of the wild rock-pigeon may be observed in many individuals of all its numerous domestic varieties. The simple circumstance of the house-pigeon never perching upon trees is of itself demonstrative of its distinctness from the C. anas.-ED. they collected in the stubbles. But of late years, since the vast increase of turnips, that vegetable has furnished a great part of their support in hard weather; and the holes they pick in these roots greatly damage the crop. From this food their flesh has contracted a rancidness which occasions them to be rejected by nicer judges of eating, who thought them before a delicate dish. They were shot not only as they were feeding in the fields, and especially in snowy weather, but also at the close of the evening, by men who lay in ambush among the woods and groves to kill them as they came in to roost.* These are the principal circumstances relating to this wonderful internal migration, which with us takes place towards the end of November, and ceases early in the spring. Last winter we had in Selborne high wood about a hundred of these doves; but in former times the flocks were so vast not only with us but all the district round, that on mornings and evenings they traversed the air, like rooks, in strings, reaching for a mile together. When they thus rendezvoused here by thousands, if they happened to be suddenly roused from their roost-trees on an evening, "Their rising all at once was like the sound Of thunder heard remote." It will by no means be foreign to the present purpose to add, that I had a relation in this neighbourhood who made it a practice, for a time, whenever he could procure the eggs of a ringdove, to place them under a pair of doves that were sitting in his own pigeon-house; hoping thereby, if he could bring about a coalition, to enlarge his breed, and teach his own doves to beat out into the woods and to support themselves by mast; the plan was plausible, but something always interrupted the success; for though the birds were usually hatched, and sometimes grew to half their size, yet none ever arrived at maturity. I myself have seen these foundlings in their nest displaying a strange ferocity of nature, so as scarcely to bear to be looked at, and snapping with their bills by way of menace. In short, they always died, perhaps for want of proper sustenance: but the owner thought that by their fierce and wild demeanour they frighted their fostermothers, and so were starved.t * Some old sportsmen say that the main part of these flocks used to withdraw as soon as the heavy Christmas frosts were over. + As in places where the cushat-pigeon (or "ring-dove") is not disturbed, it has a decided tendency to become rather tame during the breeding season, there can be little doubt that, by national management, it might be rendered almost domestic, though it would be manifestly quite useless to expect it to breed in a dove-cot. They often become extremely tame, if reared from Virgil, as a familiar occurrence, by way of simile, describes a dove haunting the cavern of a rock in such engaging numbers, that I cannot refrain from quoting the passage: and John Dryden has rendered it so happily in our language, that without further excuse I shall add his translation also. 44 Qualis speluncâ subitò commota Columba, "Cui domus, et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, "Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis LETTER I. TO THE HON. DAINES BARRINGTON. DEAR SIR, Selborne, June 30, 1769. WHEN I was in town last month I partly engaged that I would sometime do myself the honour to write to you on the subject of natural history, and I am the more ready to fulfil my promise, because I see you are a gentleman of great candour, and one that will make allowances; especially where the writer professes to be an out-door naturalist, one that takes his observations from the subject itself, and not from the writings of others. The following is a List of the Summer Birds of Passage which I have discovered in this neighbourhood, ranged somewhat in the order which they appear." 1. Wryneck, RAII NOMINA. Jynx, sive torquilla: 2. Smallest willow-wren, Regulus non cristatus: USUALLY APPEARS ABOUT the nest, but, if suffered to fly loose, are very apt to disappear in the spring, and even to join the wild flocks in winter. Were several of them, however, to be brought up together, in a place immediately contiguous to a small fir plantation, I suspect they would show no desire to quit the locality, more particularly if accustomed to be regularly fed.-Ed. • The periods of the arrival of our numerous summer birds of passage depend primarily on the state of the moon (for they all migrate by night), and, secondarily, on that of the weather, or rather wind; while the instinctive impulse to migrate would seem to be induced by physiological causes, the same which afterwards bring about the desire to associate in pairs. Not that this seasonal impulse is itself to be explained upon any known principle, for young birds reared from the nest evince it as forcibly in confinement as in the wild state; and there are certain phenomena connected with migration, as the annual return of birds (both in summer and winter) to their former haunts, which must for ever baffle the ingenuity of man to account for. We can at the most only assimilate this with the principle that impels a pigeon towards its home, and which, it may be, guides also the footsteps of a somnambulist. Still there are various and diverse agencies which tend somewhat to modify the operation of the migratorv instinct, by accelerating |