NOTES

1. At, but', contrasts the restlessness of the queen with the repose of Aeneas, of which we have heard in the last line of the preceding Book. cura: this word is often used of the 'pain' or 'pang' of love; similarly vulnus and ignis in the next line, and cura again in 5. See 608 note.

2. venis, 'with her life-blood', not 'in her veins'.

3. multa... multus: adjectives agreeing with virtus and honos respectively, but in sense adverbs qualifying recursat, 'again and again '.

4. haerent infixi pectore, 'cleave fast in her heart': notwithstanding the order of the words, pectore follows haerent more naturally than infixi.

6,7. postera... Aurora, 'the morrow's dawn'; subject to lustrabat and dimoverat. aurora, the dawn, is often personified as a goddess.

8. adloquitur: note the present tense, though it is connected by cum with an imperf. and pluperf. Notwithstanding cum it would be in the indic. even if it were in the past tense, for in sense adloquitur is the principal verb and the preceding verbs mark the time. male sana, distraught '; equivalent to insana. If male is attached to an adj., it often negatives the sense; e.g. male fidus means 'unfaithful' or 'unsafe'.

10. quis novus hic . . . hospes, who is this new guest that...?'

II. quem sese ore ferens, lit. 'how (of what sort) bearing himself in respect of face', i. e. 'how noble in mien ! quam forti pectore et armis, 'what valiant heart and arms!' pectore, armis: ablatives of quality with hospes. armis: prob. abl. of arma. It is tempting

to take it as coming from armus, 'a shoulder'. This

suits pectore very well and is illustrated by Aen. i. 589, where Aeneas is described as os umerosque deo similis, in face and shoulders like a god'; but armus is very rarely used of the shoulder of a human being, and the one instance in Virgil (Aen. xi. 644) is really against such an interpretation here.

12. nec vana fides, nor is my belief groundless'. genus esse deorum, 'that his lineage is of (from) gods'.

13. degeneres animos timor arguit, 'fear is a proof of ignoble spirit', i. e. fear necessarily accompanies such a spirit. Dido argues that, since Aeneas is not a coward, as is shown by his sufferings and combats, consequently he is not ignoble, and therefore may well be of that divine descent which his looks suggest.

14. canebat: ordinarily used of the utterances of poets and prophets; here it is equivalent to a grander form of narrabat.

15. sederet impersonal, the next line serving as subject to it.

16. cui: indirect object after sociare.

17. deceptam morte fefellit, 'cheated me by death. and played me false'. The premature death of Sychaeus, the 'first love', is regarded as treachery to his wife.

19. potui, 'well were I able'. This use of an indic. in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, when the verb of the protasis is in the subjunct., is not uncommon in poetry to give vividness, i. e. to show how nearly the statement is true without qualification; but the indic. of possum is often used in the apodosis, in prose as well as in poetry, when the subjunct. might be expected. So too we find the indic. of debeo, of some impers. verbs or expressions, and of sum in combination with the fut. partic. or the gerundive. culpae, 'weakness', i.e. of being unfaithful to the memory of Sychaeus by marrying again.

21. sparsos fraterna caede penatis, 'the sprinkling of my home with a brother's blood', i. e. of Sychaeus, brother-in-law to his murderer, Pygmalion; but the words may mean, with the blood that my brother shed'.

22. inflexit sensus, ' touched my heart'.

labantem,

'till it totters'; the partic. is used 'proleptically', i. e. by anticipation; for her resolution did not totter till the shock was felt.

'I

24. optem, I would pray'; a potential subjunct., as velim often. ima, 'to its depths'. dehiscat: after optem; this verb may be followed by ut with the subj. or by the subj. alone.

26. Erebo, in Erebus'; but possibly Erebi should be read.

27. ante: repeating prius in 24, and here joined with quam. pudor, ' my honour'.

31. dilecta sorori, 'loved by your sister', i. e. by me. sorori is dat. just as if it followed cara (dear) or some such adj.

32. solane, etc., 'wilt thou pine away in lonely grief all through the flower of thy life?' carpēre: 2nd sing. fut. indic. pass. perpetua, 'unbroken', 'continuous'. So by perpetuae mensae Virgil means tables that run the whole length of a room.

34. id very emphatic, referring to the refusal of the sweetness of children' and the 'bounty of love'.

manis

sepultos: this means to Virgil and his readers no more than the 'ghost of the buried man'; but the language is explained by the old Roman belief that the spirit did not dwell apart in Hades, but remained with the body in the tomb. So Aen. iii. 67 animamque sepulcro condimus,' and we lay the spirit to rest in its grave'.

35. esto, 'be it so'; explained by the lines that follow. mariti, 'wooers'.

36. Libyae: gen. or perhaps locative, though it is the name of a country. Tyro: abl., 'in Tyre'.

37, 38. triumphis dives, 'rich in triumphs', i. e. full of warriors likely to win triumphs. pugnabis, struggle against'; often followed by dat. in this sense.

39. venit: the subject is quorum . . . arvis.

42. deserta siti regio: a 'waterless desert' might be regarded as a protection rather than a danger, but Virgil may be thinking of the wild raiders' from Barca on its borders. The geography is vague.

43. Tyro, from Tyre'.

44. germani: Pygmalion, whose treasure Dido had carried away with her from Tyre. For the unfinished line see Introduction, p. 21.

45. dis... auspicibus... et Iunone secunda,' under the guidance of the gods and by the favour of Juno': ablatives abs. As the leader of any enterprise was bound to take the auspicia, auspex often means simply 'leader' and auspicia' authority', as in 103, 341.

46. hunc cursum : equivalent in sensc to huc

cursum.

47. quam, 'how changed'. only, not with urbem.

surgere: with regna

48. coniugio tali, 'on such a marriage'; abl. of cir

cumstance.

49. rebus, 'power'.

52. aquosus Orion: a second subject to desaevit. Storms were associated with both the rising and setting of the constellation Orion.

53. quassatae, 'still shattered', as Ilioneus had described them to the queen, Aen. i. 551.

'forbids the voyage'.

non tractabile,

54. his dictis: abl. of circumstance, connected with

the whole of the two following lines.

with flammavit.

55. pudorem, 'honour', as in 27.

56. per aras, 'from altar to altar'.

amore: closely

59. cui vincla iugalia curae, 'whose charge is the marriage bond'. curae: a predicative dative expressing

consequence.

61. media inter cornua: a mixture of inter cornua and mediis in cornibus. fundit, ' empties it'.

63. instauratque diem donis, 'and renews the day with gifts', i. e. makes a fresh sacrifice each day.

64. pectoribus: for the lengthening of the final syllable see Introduction, p. 20.

66. est from edo.

mollis: probably 'subtle', with

flamma; possibly acc. plur. with medullas.

67. vulnus: as in 2.

69. coniectă... sagittā,' stricken by an arrow'; lit. with an arrow shot' (to its mark).

71. agens telis, 'chasing with his shafts'. Notice four words in this passage, all meaning 'arrow': sagitta, lelis, ferrum, harundo.

74. moenia, 'town', the more common use in Virgil.

75. paratam, 'ready', as opposed to a city which he would have to build in a distant land.

77. eadem, 'a renewal of'.

78. audire: object after exposcit. 8o. digressi: supply sunt.

81. cadentia, 'setting', not 'falling'. Dido and her court seem to have kept late hours. Indeed, in Book II Aeneas does not begin his long narrative till 'setting stars invite slumber'.

82. relictis: i. e. by Aeneas. She throws herself on the couch where he lately reclined.

83. absens absentem: the word is repeated unnecessarily but very emphatically. Latin has an advantage over English in expressions of this sort, because it is more easy in Latin to bring the words together.

85. si... possit, 'in the hope that she may be able'. This expression here and elsewhere in Virgil implies that the hope is faint. fallere, 'to beguile', i. e. to forget her love for Aeneas while she is fondling Ascanius.

86, 87. arma... exercet, 'practises arms', i. e. armed exercises. bello: dat.

88, 89. minae ... . . murorum, 'frowning walls', or machina: any sort of engine,

'battlements of walls'. cranes, scaffolding, &c.

90. Juno attempted (Book 1) to prevent the foundation of Rome and the consequent overthrow of Carthage. by destroying the Trojans. As this attempt has failed, she proposes to keep the Trojans from Italy by uniting them to the Carthaginians. The love of Dido for Aeneas gives her the opportunity.

tali... peste teneri, 'was the slave of such infatuation'. pestis is a very strong word for amor.