of Spanish extraction, though born at Malines. He entered the church, and obtained a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Our Lady beyond the Dyle. Attached to the aristocracy, of which he himself was a member, he wrote the history of several baronial and seignorial houses in the Low Countries, with some other works of the same character, now

rare.

AZIM, or MOHAMMED AZIM SHAH, one of the younger sons of Aurungzeb, who bequeathed to him the kingdom of the Dekkan, to be held independent of the empire of Delhi. But this magnificent appanage was inadequate to the ambition of Azim, who, being present at the death of his father, immediately assumed the imperial title, and marched against his elder brother, Bahadur Shah, whose proposals of peace he answered by the oriental adage, that " two kings cannot sit on the same throne." The armies encountered near Agra, in May, 1707, (A.H. 1119,) and the contest proved fatal to Azim, who was defeated and slain after displaying great personal valour. (Siyaral-mutakhereen, &c.)

AZIM-UL-DOWLA BEHAUDER, the last nabob of the Carnatic. In 1801, on the death of the last reigning nabob, who had left Ali Hussain his successor, two English commissioners from the governor of Madras offered to allow him a considerable annual sum, on condition that he gave up his dominions to the East India Company. Ali Hussain declined the terms, and Azim-ul-Dowla, the nephew of the last reigning prince, was declared to be the rightful nabob by the Company. He made over the Carnatic to the Company on those terms. The treaty was signed in 1801. Ali Hussain died soon after. Azim-ulDowla lived in Madras in great splendour on his allowance, until his death, which took place there in 1819. (Biog. Univ. Suppl. Mills, Hist. of British India.)

AZO, or AZZO, an eminent Italian jurist, who flourished in the twelfth century-a period and country in which "the love of liberty and equal laws rendered the profession of jurisprudence exceedingly honourable." (Hallam, Introd. Lit. Europe.) By birth he was a Bolognese, (Tiraboschi, Gravina, Orig. Jur. Civ.,) and studied law under Joannes Bassiano, a native of Cremona, and a pupil of the celebrated Bulgarus. The reputation which Azo speedily acquired soon placed him at the head of the law-school at Bologna, which had been founded by

the renowned Irnerius. He so greatly advanced the reputation of the schools, that pupils flocked to him from all parts of Italy, to the amount, it has been said, of ten thousand. (Gravina.) The envy, however, of his rivals drove him from the chair which he adorned, and he retired to Montpelier, where he was elected to the office of professor, which had been previously occupied by Placentinus. His reputation did not diminish with his change of country, and the Bolognese were glad to welcome his return; their law-school having been deserted in his absence. Azo died at Bologna in 1200, according to an inscription on the monument which was raised to his memory in 1496. (Tiraboschi.) His great work, entitled, Summa Azonis, which is an abridgement of the whole body of the law, appeared before 1220, (Hallam,) and was printed at Spires, in folio, in 1482. Azo was denominated by Baldus, "fons legum et vas electionis." (Forster. Hist. Inv. Civ. Rom.)

AZOPARDI, (Francesco,) master of the chapel at Malta about the end of the eighteenth century, the author of an indifferent treatise on music, and the composer of some church music. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AZPILCUETA, (Martinus ab,) also named AZPLIQUETA, or NAVARRUS, born at Venasain, in Spain, on the 13th Dec. 1493. He studied first at Alcala de Henares, and went afterwards to France. He began his public career as a professor in Toulouse and Cahors, and remained fourteen years in that country. On his return to Spain, he became the first professor of canon law at Salamanca. John, king of Portugal, called him to Coimbra, where he had just founded the university. Azpilcueta remained twenty-six years at Coimbra, and formed many excellent disciples, such as Diego Covarruvias. John of Austria, and the prince royal of Bohemia, chose him for their confessor. His advanced age made him now desirous of repose, and he retired to his native place. Yet friendship and gratitude dragged him once more from his retirement. Having been informed that the archbishop of Toledo, Bartholomew Carrança, had been accused of heresy, and thrown into prison at Rome, Azpilcueta (although eighty years of age) hastened to Italy, to plead for his ancient bengfactor. His efforts were unavailing; still, the courage and energy he had displayed in this affair, increased the veneration he already enjoyed at the papal cont.

Pius V. gave him the title of Assessor Cardinalis, and Gregory XIII. paid him a solemn visit. The latter frequently consulted him on difficult occasions, and lived on terms of great intimacy with him. According to De Thou, (who had accompanied a French embassy to Rome,) his opinion had been asked by Charles V. and Philip II., if they could justly retain the kingdom of Navarre, and he had the honesty and courage to answer in the negative. His habits of charity were such, that when riding in the streets of Rome, his mule stopped by itself whenever it saw a poor person-knowing beforehand that its master would stop to give relief. He died on the 22d of June, 1586, aged ninety-five. Thomas Correa delivered a speech over his grave, which was printed, in 1586, at Rome He was also very learned in music, and his works contain a paper on the cantus figuratus. His works have been printed in 3 vols, folio, Lyons, 1589; and in 6 vols, 4to, Venice, 1602; and in Cologne in 5 vols, folio. Several of them were translated into Latin and Italian. In a paper entitled, De Redditibus Beneficiorum, he asserts that clerical proprietors should not make use of their incomes, but for assisting the indigent. Azpilcueta was thus drawn into a controversy with Francis Sanmiento, auditor of the rota. (Simon Magnus, Vita excell. Juris Monarchæ Mart. Azpilcueta, Romæ, 1575, 4to. Julius Roscius Hortinus, Noticia Biogr.; vide Opera, vol. i. Gerber Lex. d. Tonkünstler, &c.)

AZULAI, (Abraham, died 1644,) a Jewish rabbi of Fez, but of Spanish extraction, who was the author of two cabalistic books, Zoare Chamah, (the Splendour of the Sun,) Venice, 1650; and Chesed Leavraam, (the Grace of Abraham,) Amst. 1685. He wrote also other works, as mentioned in the Shem Hagedolim, (the Names of the Great,) written by a descendant of his, who lived in Leghorn at the end of the eighteenth century. (De Rossi.)

He

AZUNI, (Domenico Alberto, 1749 1827,) an Italian jurist, whose writings on commercial law are very numerous, and are said to be very valuable. was a native of Sassari in Sardinia, and educated at the university there (Sassari). Having been vice-intendent of Nice, he was afterwards made (1782) judge of the consulate of that place, which called his attention to the legal questions connected with commerce; and in 1786-1788, he published his Dictionary of Mercantile

Jurisprudence, republished, with additions, in 1822. It was not much encumbered with technical terms, and it contained full references to the sources from which it was drawn. He was now employed by the government in drawing up a maritime code, but the revolutionary movement in France frustrated the completion of this plan. In 1795, however, he published his great work-Sistema Universale dei Principii del Dritto Maritimo dell' Europa, 2 vols, 8vo. He had already left Nice for Turin, and afterwards had gone to Florence, where (in 1795 also) he published his Dissertation on the Compass, to prove that it was an invention of the French. This was answered by Hager, of Pavia, in 1810. Azuni afterwards left Florence for Trieste, where he practised as an advocate, and published two works on the History of Sardinia. He lived during the latter years of his life at Genoa, where he published many works, especially on maritime matters. A list of all his works may be found in Tipaldo, i. 26-33, from which this article is abridged.

AZZ-AL-MULK ABU-KALENJAR, a prince of the Bowian family in Persia, son of Abu-Shooja Sultan-ed-doulah, at whose death, A.D. 1024, (A.H. 415,) he succeeded in possessing himself of Shiraz and Western Persia, after a severe contest with his uncles, who held Bagdad and the dignity of Emir-al-Omrah. (See MOSHERIF-ED-DOULAH, JELAL-ED-DOULAH.) His reign over Persia appears to have been peaceful, as Abulfeda mentions no event of consequence, except his acquisition of Kerman, on the death of one of his uncles; and in 1043, (A.H. 435,) on the death of Jelal-ed-doulah, he was invited by the troops and inhabitants of Bagdad to assume the sovereignty of that city, and the office of Emir-al-Omrah; in which he easily succeeded - expelling Malek-al-Aziz, the son of the late prince. He died A.D. 1048, (A.H. 440,) when on his march to reduce the rebellious governor of Kerman; and was succeeded by his son, Malek-al-Rahim, in whose time the power of his family was overthrown by the Seljukian Turks, under Togrul-Beg. (Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj. Elmakin. Khondemir.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN, (Glory of the Faith,) a title borne by many of the Moslem princes of the middle ages. Among them three of the Turkish sultans of Anatolia.

AZZ-ED-DEEN KILIJ-ARSLAN, the fifth Seljukian sovereign of Room,

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or Anatolia, succeeded his father Massood, A.D. 1156, A.н. 551. (Abulfeda.) Though crippled in his limbs, this defect was compensated by the energy of his spirit; and he directed from a chariot the movements of his armies. He reunited to his dominions the territories which his father had ceded as appanages to the junior branches of the family; but his wars against the Greek empire led to no decisive results, though he gained more than one victory over Manuel Comnenus; and peace was concluded in 1178. By prudence and negotiation, he averted the attacks with which he was more than once threatened from the overwhelming power of Salah-ed-deen; but his latter days were embittered by the discords and rebellion of his ten sons, who contested in arms the different provinces of the kingdom. He at length died at Iconium, after having been for some years almost a captive in the hands of one or other of his sons, A.D. 1192, (A.H. 588.) His eldest son, Kootb-eddeen, died nearly at the same time with his father; and Ghyath-ed-deen KaiKhosroo, another son, who had possessed himself of a considerable part of the kingdom, is generally ranked by historians as his successor, though several others ruled in various parts. (Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN KAI-KAOOS, son of Ghyath-ed-deen, and grandson of Azzed-deen Kilij Arslan, succeeded his father, who fell in battle against the Greeks, A.D. 1210, (A.H. 607.) His reign was occupied by petty wars against his uncle, Togrul, prince of Erzeroom, and his brother, Kai-Kobad, the latter of whom, however, succeeded him, on his dying of a decline, A.D. 1219, A.н. 616. (Abulfeda.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN KAI-KAOOS II., son of Ghyath-ed-deen Kai-Khosroo II., and grand-nephew of the former Azzed-deen Kai-Kaoos, succeeded his father as tenth sultan of Room, a.d. 1247, A.H. 645. (Abulfeda. The Art de vérifier les Dates places it three years earlier, on the authority of Abul-Faraj.) His neglect to repair in person, for investiture, to the court of the grand khan of the Moguls, to whom the kingdom had become tributary during the reign of his father, offended that potentate, and orders were sent to displace him, in favour of his brother, Rokn-ed-deen Kilij-Arslan; the kingdom was, however, for some time divided between the two brothers, till Azz-ed-deen, weary of his vassalage, and

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fearing the wrath of Hulaku for some acts of disaffection, took refuge at the court of the Greek emperor, Michael Palæologus, who, in his youth, had been a refugee at Iconium. But by this prince he was transferred to the moguls of Kipchak, a race at enmity with the Persomoguls, and died at their capital of Serai, on the Volga, A.D. 1277, (a.H. 676,) sixteen years after his flight from his throne. He left a son, named Ghyath-ed-deen Massood, who returned from Kipchak after the death of his father, and recovered some authority in Room, on the death of his cousin, Kai-Khosroo III., who was put to death by the moguls, A.D. 1283, (A.H. 682,) as his father, Rokn-eddeen, had been sixteen years before; but he fell in battle against a Turkish emir, and with him perished the Seljukian dynasty in Room, a.d. 1294, (a.H. 693,) five years before the foundation of the Ottoman empire. (Abulfeda. AbulFaraj. De Guignes.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN MASSOUD, son of Kootb-ed-deen, prince of Moosul, of the dynasty of the atabeks of Syria, and nephew of the famous sultan, Noor-eddeen, succeeded his brother, Seif-ed-deen, A.D. 1180, (л.í. 576,) in preference to a nephew, who was under age. On the death, in the following year, of his cousin, Salih, the son of Noor-ed-deen, he united Aleppo to his former realm, but was speedily dispossessed of it by the arms of Saladin, who overran also the paternal inheritance of Azz-ed-deen, and besieged "him in Moosul, but without success. The war, however, continued; and Azz-eddeen was obliged to purchase peace by acknowledging himself the vassal of Saladin, and inscribing his coin with the name of that prince. He died in the same year with Saladin, A.D. 1193, (a.h. 589;) and was succeeded at Moosul by his son, Noor-ed-deen Arslan. He is described by historians as a just and generous, but indolent ruler; his able minister, Kaymas, administered his states, and almost reigned in his name. His grandson, the son and successor of Noored-deen Arslan, bore the title of Azz-eddeen Massoud II., with the addition of Malek-al-Kaher; but his reign of eight years (A.D. 1210, A.H. 607-A.D. 1218, A.H. 615) presents nothing worthy notice. His sons close the succession of the atabeks of Moosul. (Abulfeda. AbulFaraj. Bohadin, Vit. Salad. De Guignes.)

AZZ-ED-DOULAH BAKHTIYAR, a prince of the dynasty of the Bowides in Persia, succeeded his father, Moezz-ed

doulah Ahmed, a.d. 967, (a.h. 356,) in the dignity of Emir-al-Omrah, which conveyed the virtual sovereignty of Bagdad and the control of the Abbasside khalifate. His indolence and debaucheries rendered him contemptible to his subjects; even the progress of the Greeks, under John Zimisces, who threatened an attack on Bagdad, (see Gibbon, ch. 52,) failed to rouse him from his lethargy; and in 974 he was expelled by the revolt of two of his generals, who possessed themselves of Bagdad and the person of the khalif, and invested Azz-ed-doulah in the city of Waset. In this extremity, he besought the aid of his powerful cousin, Adhaded-doulah, who ruled in Western Persia; but Adhad-ed-doulah, after defeating the rebels, imprisoned his relative, and would have seized Bagdad, had not the peremptory remonstrances of his father, Rokned-doulah, compelled him to release and reinstate him. But, two years later, the death of the old monarch removed all restraint from the ambition of Adhaded-doulah; he attacked and defeated Azzed-doulah, who perished the following year, (A.D. 977, A.H. 367,) in an attempt to recover Bagdad, at the age of thirtysix. He is celebrated by eastern historians for his personal advantages and extraordinary strength, which is said to have been such as to enable him to prostrate an ox with his fist, and to strike off the head of a lion, in hunting, with a single blow of his scimitar. (See ADHAD-ED-DOULAH. Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj. Elmakin. D'Herbelot. Malcolm's Persia.) AZZ-ED-DOULAH MAHMOOD, a prince of the house of the Mardashites (see ASSAD-ED-DOULAH) in Aleppo, recovered that city, which his uncle, Moezzed-doulah had ceded to the khalif of Egypt, A.D. 1060, (A.H. 452.) Though expelled the following year, he regained possession in 1063, and retained his power till his death A.D. 1074, (a.h. 467;) but his reign presents nothing worthy of notice. Four years after his death, his sons were despoiled by Tutush, or Taj-ed-doulah, a Seljukian prince. (Elmakin.)

AZZANELLO, (Gregorio,) a native of Cremona, in the fourteenth century, who lived at the court of John Visconti, the first duke of Milan. He left a collection of letters, preserved in manuscript in the Ambrosian library. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZARI, (Fulvio,) an Italian soldier, born at Reggio, who flourished in the year 1575. He wrote a history of Reggio. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZI, (Francesco Maria degli, born at Arezzo 1655, died 1707,) wrote some poems, under the title of Genesi, con alcuni Sonetti Morali, Flor. 1700. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZI NE' FORTI, (Faustina degli, 1650-1724,) an Italian poetess, of considerable reputation in her time, sister of the preceding. She wrote poems, under the title of Serto Poetico, Arezzo, 1694. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZO, (Alberto,) feudal lord of Canossa, built on the rock of Canossa, a fort almost impregnable, where he gave an asylum to queen Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, and afterwards the wife of Otho I. He was besieged in 956 by Beranger II. He was alive in 978. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Taddeo,) a Bolognese gentleman, who recovered liberty for his country on the 20th of March, 1376, by driving the papal troops out of the town and its fortresses. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Germino,) an Italian physician, born in Bologna in 1740. He wrote, in 1775, Medical Institutes. He died in 1814. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Valerio Felice,) a Bolognese, who lived at the beginning_of the eighteenth century. He wrote-De Origine et Vetustate Civitatis Bononiæ Chronologica Disquisitio, and Dissertatio super Quæstiones in Genesis Historiam excitatas. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOLINI, or MAZZOLINI, (Giovanni Bernardino,) a Neapolitan painter, who flourished about 1510, near which period he resided at Genoa, where several of his works are in the churches and convents. Soprani mentions with much praise two pictures by him, in the church of S. Giuseppe, representing the Martyrdom of S. Apollonia and the Annunciation. Lanzi speaks of another picture in the same church, namely, the Martyrdom of S. Agatha, and says he excelled in wax work, and formed heads with an absolute expression of life. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. 262. Bryan's Dict.)

AZZOLINI, (Decius, cardinal,) was born at Fermo in 1623, and died at Rome in 1689. He published some rules for the holding of a conclave. He was also a poet. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOLINI, (Laurentio,) born at Fermo, was a distinguished Italian poet of the seventeenth century. He was uncle of the preceding. His principal work was Satira contro la Lussuria, 1686. (Biog. Univ.)

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BAADER, (Jean Michel,) a painter, born at Eichsted about 1736. He went to Paris to perfect himself in his art, about 1759, and afterwards became painter to the prince bishop of Eichsted. He engraved for his amusement, after his own designs, an old woman's head, and two anatomical figures, both upright plates. There are, engraved after him, some plates by Chevillet, Macret, and Zentner. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

BAADER, (Ferdinand Marie, a physician of Bavaria, born at Ingoldstadt, February 10, 1747. He was educated in his native city, and took the degree of doctor of medicine, at the university, in 1771. In the same year he was appointed physician to the city. He married the widow of his predecessor, George Schweinhammer. In 1776 he was admitted into the Academy of Sciences of Munich, and advanced to a professorship of natural history; and in 1778 he was entrusted with the direction of the class of physics and philosophy in the academy. A year previously, he was named physician to the elector of Bavaria, and in 1783 he was appointed physician to the widow of the prince, Marianne Wittib. An attack of apoplexy terminated his existence, March 4, 1797. He was regarded as one of the most able men in medicine and philosophy in Bavaria; and he published the following works :-Rede ueber die Naturkunde und Ekonomie, Munich, 1776, 4to; Der patriotische Landbader, oder kurze Abhandlung von den verderblichen Fruechten der Wollust und Geilheit, sammt der besten Kurart der venerischen Krankheiten unter dem Landvolke, Munich, 1777, 8vo. M. Baader also published several academical essays on similar subjects in German, and a paper, Sur quelques Innovations en Physique, printed in the Nouveaux Mémoires Philosophiques de l'Académie des Sciences de Munich, tom. vii. p. 312.

BAADER, (Joseph François de Paule,) born at Ratisbon, September 15, 1733. He studied in his native city and at Straubing, and first devoted himself to theology, and sustained various

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theses in philosophy; but afterwards went to Prague and studied medicine for two years, when he attended the university at Ingoldstadt, and took the degree of doctor in medicine in 1757. He was appointed physician to the city of Amberg in 1759, and soon after nominated physician to duke Clement, and called to Munich. In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of physician to the elector, Maximilian Joseph III. He died March 16, 1794. He was looked upon as a good practical physician, and universally esteemed for his amiable and philanthropic character. He published, Dissertatio de Natura Corporis Humani viventis, Ingoldstadt, 1757, 4to; and one or two other medical tracts, which were several times reprinted.

BAADER, (Francis Joseph Lambert,) was professor of botany at Friburg, and died in 1773.

BAALE, (Henry van,) a Dutch dramatic poet, who died in 1822. The pieces on which his fame rests are-De Saraceenen and Alexander.

BAAN, the name of two painters. 1. John de, (February 20, 1633-1702,) an eminent portrait painter, was born at Haerlem. Losing his parents early, he was instructed by his uncle, named Piemans, a painter little known; after which he was sent to Amsterdam, and placed under the care of Jacob de Backer, with whom he remained until he was eighteen years of age. His success in portraits, in which he took Vandyke as a model, occasioned his paying little attention to any other branch of painting. In 1660 he went to the Hague, where he painted many personages of the court, and was invited by Charles the Second to visit England, where he is said to have excited the jealousy of Lely. Here he painted the king, the queen, the duke of York, and most of the principal nobility. He returned to Holland, and painted a noble portrait of the duke of Zell, for which he received a thousand Hungarian ducats,-nearly five hundred pounds. The grand duke of Tuscany had his portrait, painted by himself, placed in the Florentine Gallery, and made him a