induced by Cato the younger, who went thither for that purpose, to quit, and pass the remainder of his life with the last of the Romans. According to Isodorus, quoted by Diogenes Laert. iii. 34, Athenodorus was accustomed to cut out from the writings of the Stoics, in the library at Pergamus, such passages as displeased him. Fabricius identifies him with the author of a work written against the Categories of Aristotle; but which others attribute to Athenodorus the rhetorician of Rhodes, known only from a passage in Quintilian. The second Athenodorus was the preceptor of Augustus Cæsar, as we learn from Strabo and Suidas, and is said by Lucian to have lived to the age of eighty-two. To his precepts it was owing that Augustus exercised his power mildly. On his return to his native place he delivered it from its tyrannical governor, Boethus, one of Antony's satellites.

Of the remaining individuals mentioned by Fabricius, the most remarkable is Athenodorus the actor; who, when he was fined by the Athenians for not appearing at the Dionysiac contests, and had written to Alexander, then in Asia, to prevail upon the Athenians to remit the penalty, received from that prince the amount of the fine. (Plutarch, i. p. 681, E.)

ATHERTON, (Humphrey,) a military officer, employed in America in the early part of the seventeenth century, especially in negotiations with the Indians. He died in consequence of a fall from his horse, September 17, 1661. He left many children, amongst whom were seven, named Rest, Increase, Thankful, Hope, Consider, Watching, and Patience. ATHERTON, (John,) bishop of Waterford, a prelate, whose name and memory it were better to allow to pass into oblivion, were there not so many publications in which the facts are noticed, that his name and offences cannot be forgotten. He was the son of the rector of Bawdripp, in the county of Somerset, and born probably at that place in or about 1598, for he was sixteen when, in 1614, he entered Gloucester hall, Oxford. He removed to Lincoln college: took the degree of M. A. and entering the church, had the living of Hewish-Champflower, in Somersetshire, bestowed upon him. Being noted for his acquaintance with the canon law and ecclesiastical affairs, he was invited to Ireland by the earl of Strafford, then lord deputy, who gave him a prebend in Christ church, Dublin, and made him bishop of Waterford in 1636. So far his life appears to

have been one of extraordinary success. But in 1640, he was tried and convicted of a detestable crime, and suffered death at Dublin. Dr. Bernard, chaplain to archbishop Usher, published an account of his penitent end.

ATHIAS, (Joseph,) a Jewish rabbi and printer at Amsterdam in the seventeenth century, to whom we owe one of the most correct editions of the Hebrew Bible, printed in 1661, and reprinted in 1667. (Biog. Univ.)

ATHIAS, (Solomon,) a Jew of Jerusalem, who published a commentary on the Psalms, at Venice, in 1549, with a preface containing some notices about the Italian Rabbis of his acquaintance.

ATHIR, (Ebn,) Abulsaadat Almobarek Majdeddin Al Jezeri, the author of a work, entitled Jáme' al Ossoul (Collection of Fundamental Principles) an epitome of the sentiments of the most esteemed Mussulman doctors. He is also the author of the Ketab al Shafei, a work in which he endeavours to establish the foundations of the sect of Shafei, one of the four orthodox and permitted sects in the Mohammedan religion. He also wrote a commentary on the Koran, chiefly compiled from the works of Thaalabi and Zamakhshari. He died A.н. 606 (A.D. 1210).

ATHIR, (Ebn,) Abulhassan Ali Ezzeddin Al Jezeri, the brother of the preceding, wrote three works on history-the Kamil, or, General History; the Ebrat Ouli al Absar, or, the Book of Examples for the Clear-sighted; and, a History of the Alabekian Dynasty. He established himself at Mosul, and died there A.H. 630 (A.D. 1233).

ATIMETUS, (ATμNTOS,) the name of several ancient physicians mentioned in inscriptions, &c. The following beautiful epitaph was found on the tomb of the wife of one of them :

"Morte est mihi tristior ipsâ

Mæror Atimeti conjugis ille mei." ATIS, a very celebrated French player on the flute. His numerous duos, trios, sonates, and sinfonias, are yet in high estimation on account of their elaborate character, and the knowledge they display of the principles of harmony. He died about 1784.

ATKINS, or ETKINS, (James,) was born at Kirkwall. He went to Oxford in 1637, and studied under Dr. Prideaux. He was chaplain for some time to James, marquis of Hamilton, who obtained for him a parish in the Orkneys. In 1650, when James, marquis of Montrose, landed

in Orkney, Atkins drew up an address in the name of the presbytery, containing strong feelings of attachment and loyalty to Charles II. For this, and for his service to the marquis, he was denounced by the council, and was obliged to withdraw to Holland. At the Restoration, he went to London, and was presented to a living in Dorsetshire. In 1677, he was appointed bishop of Murray, and in 1680 he was made bishop of Galloway. He died in 1687. (Athenæ Oxon. vol. ii. Biog. Brit.)

ATKINS, (Robert,) an eminent divine of the seventeenth century, was born at Chard, in Somersetshire, in 1626, and studied in Wadham college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow. While young, he was appointed by Cromwell one of his chaplains, but soon became settled in the living of Coopersale in Essex, which he resigned on account of his health, and removed to Exeter, where he soon became celebrated as an able preacher, "one of the best preachers," says his biographer, "in the west." Here he was when the Act of Uniformity was passed, with the provisions of which he could not comply; and, accordingly, ceased to be a minister in the church. He continued to reside at Exeter, where he was greatly respected by many, but harassed by others on account of his nonconformity. He died in 1685. Dr. Calamy gives a large account of his life and character.

ATKINS, (Isaac,) a Jewish writer, who was by birth a Spaniard, but was settled at Amsterdam in the beginning of the seventeenth century. He wrote, in Spanish, a work entitled, A Treasure of Precepts, and translated into Spanish the Chizzuk Amunah, or, Fortress of Faith, an anti-christian work. (See de Rossi Diz. Storico, and also Bibliotheca Judaica Antichristiana, pp. 19 and 128. The Hebrew work is to be found in Wagenseil's Tela Ignea.)

ATKINSON, (Henry,) a mathematician of considerable eminence, was born about 1786, at a small village near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. His father was a schoolmaster, who inculcated in his son an early and passionate taste for mathematical speculation. Whilst very young he discovered a method for simplifying the approximation to the roots of algebraical equations, by a correct system of transformation of the original equation. This discovery was not made known till 1809, when he read it before the Literary Society of Newcastle, and was not published till after the author's decease, in 1831.

The same method appears to have been discovered, even earlier, by a watchmaker, in the obscurity of a narrow street in the vicinity of Clare-market. (See HOLDRED.) The method, and with it the value of the claims of both, is superseded by the more simple, direct, and continuous method of Horner, which was published before either Atkinson or Holdred had given any public intimation of being in possession of a process having the same object. (See HORNER.) In the second volume of the Transactions of the Royal Astronomical Society is an able and elaborate paper on Refractions, by Mr. Atkinson; but his most profound mathematical researches are to be found scattered through the mathematical periodicals of his time, and especially in those valuable works, the Ladies' and Gentlemen's Diaries, and in the Newcastle Magazine, of which he was for several years the mathematical editor.

Mr. Atkinson was not a mere mathematician. He was a good and sound general and classical scholar, and devoted much of his attention to the philosophy of the human mind, though, with the exception of detached essays in the Newcastle Magazine, he published no work on the subject. His was an honest mind searching after truth; and, in private life, his kind and amiable disposition ensured his being beloved and respected.

ATKINSON, (Joseph,) a native of Ireland, distinguished by his wit and affability; born 1743, died October, 1818. He was treasurer of the Ordnance in Dublin, and the friend and associate of Curran, Moore, and the galaxy of Irish genius by which the literary period of the union of Ireland with Great Britain will be remembered.

ATKINSON, (Thomas,) a divine and poet of the seventeenth century, was born in London, and studied in St. John's college, Oxford. In 1636, he took the degree of B.D. being at that time rector of South Warmborough, in Hampshire, a living which he exchanged in 1638, with Dr. Peter Heylin, for Islip, near Oxford. He held the living only a few months, dying in February, 1639. He was buried in the chapel of St. John's college. The preceding account is from the Athenæ Oxonienses, where Wood further says that he had seen in manuscript, two poems by him in Latin verse, directed against Andrew Melvin to which may be added, that there is in the Harleian Library of Manuscripts, in the British Museum, a Latin tragedy by this author, entitled

Homo, which is dedicated to Laud, then the president of St. John's college, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. The MS. is numbered 6925.

ATKINSON, (Israel,) a celebrated American physician, was born at Harvard, Massachusetts, about 1740, and graduated at Cambridge in 1762. In 1765 he settled at Lancaster, where he died on the 20th of July, 1822. He is stated to have been for some years the only educated physician in the county of Worcester, where he practised.

ATKINSON, (Theodore,) an American lawyer, was born at Newcastle, and graduated at Harvard college in 1718. He was appointed government secretary in 1741, a delegate to the congress at Albany in 1754, in which year he was made chief-justice of New Hampshire. After having lost his offices by the revolution, he died in 1779.

ATKYNS, (Richard,) was a gentleman well descended on both sides, his grandfather being chief justice of West Wales, and of queen Elizabeth's council for the Marches of Wales, and his mother, a daughter of Sir Edwin Sandys, by the daughter and heir of Lord Sandys of the Vine. He was born in Gloucestershire about 1615, and had the education of a gentleman, being trained in grammar learning in the College school at Glouces ter, from whence he passed to Baliol college, Oxford, where he was entered as a gentleman commoner. From Oxford he passed to Lincoln's Inn, and travelled with a son of Lord Arundel of Wardour. Soon after his return the civil wars came on, when he raised a troop of horse for the king, and did him good service, for which he suffered afterwards in his

estate.

On the return of the king, it might be expected that we should find him in a state of ease, if not of prosperity; but some unexplained circumstances seem to have occasioned a cloud to rest upon his later years. Wood, who is his only original biographer, alludes distantly to some domestic unhappiness; and it is certain that he was straitened in his circumstances, being committed to the Marshalsea prison for debt, where he died, Sept. 14, 1677. His relative, Sir Robert Atkyns, the justice of the Common Pleas, and Edward Atkyns, who became one of the barons of the Exchequer, buried him in the parish church of St. George the Martyr.

He published, in 1664, a treatise on the Original and Growth of Printing, which

is not held in much esteem; and in 1669, a Vindication of some Part of his Conduct, to which he annexed a Relation of several Passages in the Civil Wars occurring in the West, in which he was himself concerned; and Sighs and Ejaculations. (Wood's Athenæ Oxon.)

ATKYNS, (Sir Robert,) chief baron of the Exchequer in the reign of William III. was the son of Sir Edward Atkyns, a baron of the Exchequer, and was born in April, 1621. He was descended from an ancient Monmouthshire family, who afterwards settled in Gloucestershire; and it is a remarkable circumstance, that, for nearly two hundred years, there was always one of this family filling a judicial situation in the kingdom. (Atkyns, Dedication-Inquiry into the Jurisdiction of Chancery.) After having received the rudiments of education at his father's house, Atkyns entered himself at Balliol college, Oxford. In 1638 he became a member of Lincoln's Inn, of which society he was in 1664 reader (Birch MSS.); having been, at the coronation of Charles II., in April 1661, created a knight of the bath, and also having the degree of M. A. conferred on him by the university of Oxford. From these circumstances we may fairly conclude that, during the period of the protectorate, he rendered himself in some way conspicuous for his loyalty. On the 24th of April, 1672, being then solicitor-general to the queen (Beatson's Index), he was admitted a serjeant-at-law, and the next day sworn a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Whilst filling this situation, he displayed a ready zeal for what was called the Protestant cause whenever any of the unhappy victims of Oates, or his fellow informers, were brought against him; and there can be little doubt that he shared in the delusion, not altogether unfounded, which pervaded the public mind in those days. (See 7 State Trials, 249.)

He continued on the bench until 1679, when, foreseeing the arrival of a period when his services would be required by the sovereign as an instrument for the subversion of the law and the church, he resigned his seat, and retired into the country. When the imprudent but unfortunate William Lord Russell was apprehended, in 1683, the advice of Sir Robert Atkyns was applied for by some of his friends. In a letter which Atkyns wrote in compliance with this application, he explains very clearly the law respecting the crime of high treason, and the

evidence by which it is necessary that a charge of so heinous a nature should be supported, declaring at the same time that, were he a juryman, he should not consider a particeps criminis a credible witness, nor deem his testimony sufficient. (Atkyns, Parliamentary and Political Tracts.) In the collection in which this letter has been published, may be found another, addressed to the same person, and written immediately after Atkyns had received a report of Lord Russell's trial, and in which he endeavours to show the insufficiency of the evidence adduced. Atkyns was at this time ignorant that Lord Russell had been executed two days previously. He also prepared an argument for the defendant, in the case of the King against Williams, which was an information filed by the attorney-general against the speaker of a house of commons in the previous reign, for having signed an order authorizing the publication and sale of Dangerfield's Narrative of the Popish Plot, which contained a slanderous libel on the king, who was then duke of York. Against this proceeding, which was plainly opposed to public policy, as it was instituted four years after the offence had been committed, and which was in evident violation of the privilege of parliament, by which what is done in parliament is exempted from being questioned else where, Sir Robert ably protested, but his argument was not delivered. (2 Show. 471. 13 State Trials, 1369.) It is extremely valuable, although some of its positions may fairly be questioned.

Atkyns was also the author of an admirable inquiry into the right of dispensing with statutes, claimed by James II. and affirmed by the Court of King's Bench in Sir Edward Hale's case. Sir Edward Herbert, the chief justice of the King's Bench, having put forth a work in vindication of the judgment of the court in that case, Atkyns added to his inquiry a reply to that work (Lond. fol. 1689). Shortly after the landing of the Prince of Orange, Atkyns attended him (Diary of the Second Earl of Clarendon), and appears to have so far conciliated his regard as to have been appointed, on the 18th of April, 1689, (Birch MSS.) chief baron of the Exchequer; and, on the 19th of October in the same year, was made speaker of the House of Lords, on the resignation of the marquis of Halifax, an office from which he retired in 1692. He surrendered his seat in the Exchequer on the 22d of October, 1694,

and retired to his seat at Sapperton in Gloucestershire, where he resided until his death, in 1709.

Roger North (Life of Lord-Keeper Guildford) appears to have nourished a very strong dislike of Atkyns, which, considering his politics, is not difficult to be accounted for. The following is a list of the works of Sir Robert Atkyns:1. The Power, Jurisdiction, and Privileges of Parliament. 2. An Argument in the Case of Sir Samuel Barnardiston and Sir W. Soame. 3. An Inquiry into the Power of Dispensing with Penal Statutes, together with some Animadversions on Sir Edward Herbert's Short Account of the Authorities in Law upon which Judgment was given in Sir Edward Hale's Case. 4. A Discourse con cerning the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Realm of England. 5. Two pamphlets defending Lord Russell's innocency. 6. The Lord Chief Baron Atkyns's Speech to Sir William Ashurst, Lord Mayor Elect of the City of London. These are published together, under the title of Parliamentary and Political Tracts, written by Sir R. Atkyns. London, 1741. 8vo. In addition to these, he was the author of an Inquiry into the Jurisdiction of the Chancery in Causes of Equity (fol. Lond. 1695), in which he vehemently protests against the growing power of that court, and the undue dependence to which it had subjected the courts of common law. To remedy this, he proposes that these latter courts should be declared by parliament to have the power of issuing prohibitions to restrain chancery. This work Sir Robert dedicates to the Lords, whose equitable jurisdiction, however, he afterwards attacked in 1699, in a work he styled a Treatise upon the True and Ancient Jurisdiction of the Court of Peers, Lond. fol. These works are valuable, as embracing a variety of useful and important facts, but a failure of success in a chancery suit appears to have been the motive which prompted the learned author in their composition.

ATKYNS, (Sir Robert,) F.R.S. a topographical writer of celebrity, was the son of the eminent lawyer, of whom we have just spoken. He was born at Hadley, near London, on August 26, 1647; and leaving the law to other members of his family, several of whom were highly eminent in it, he preferred to live at his family seat, at Sapperton in Gloucestershire, the life of a country gentleman, indulging in literary tastes and pursuits.

His attention was principally directed to the illustration of the history and antiquities of his own county, doing for Gloucestershire what Sir Henry Chauncy was then doing for Hertfordshire, and what had been done in the generation before for Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, and Kent. Sir Robert Atkyns had the advantage of the manuscript collections which had been made for the county by Dr. Parsons, a former chancellor of the diocese. He died on Nov. 29, 1711, without having had the satisfaction of seeing his work before the public. His executors finished what he had begun, and the work appeared in 1712. But evil fortune again attended it; for a great number of the copies were destroyed by an accidental fire. The copies are scarce, and are much sought after, on account of the numerous views which they contain of the seats of the nobility and gentry, as they stood a century and a half ago. When copies have been offered for sale by auction, they have usually brought from thirteen to fifteen pounds. A second edition of it was published by William Herbert, the editor of Ames's Typographical Antiquities, in 1768.

ATKYNS, or ATKINS, (John,) went, in 1721, as surgeon in the man-of-war, the Swallow, which, in company with the Weymouth, was sent on a cruise against the African pirates. On his return to England, he published his travels, and an account of the voyage, at London in

1735.

ATLEE, (Samuel John,) an American military officer, was born about 1738. He commanded a Pennsylvanian company in the war between Great Britain and France, and a regiment in the revolutionary war, during which he was taken prisoner at Long Island, and subjected to a long imprisonment. He was afterwards commissioned to treat with the Indians, and in 1780 was elected a deputy of Congress. He died at Philadelphia, on the 25th of November, 1786.

ÁTOSSA, the eldest of the daughters of Cyrus, was married first to her brother Cambyses; secondly to Smerdis, the magician, who usurped the government; and thirdly, to Darius. She is said to have been the inventor of epistolary correspondence.

ATOUGIA, (Conde de,) a descendant of the illustrious Don Juan de Ataide, viceroy of the Indies. He suffered on the public scaffold (1759,) for his alleged

participation in a plot against the life or authority of his sovereign, Don José.

ATROCIANUS, (John,) was born in Germany, about the end of the fifteenth century. He had some reputation as a botanist, but his fame is principally derived from his Latin poems. He wrote Elegia de Bello Rustico anno 1525, Basle, 1528, which has been reprinted several times; Nemo Evangelicus; Querela Missæ; Liber Epigrammatum; and some other pieces, all in verse. He was a zealous opponent of the reformation. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ATSIZ, or ITSIZ, (generally mentioned with the appended title of Khwarizm-Shah, by Asiatic writers,) the founder of the monarchy of Khwarizm, (the modern Khiva.) His grandfather had been a slave in the Seljukian court, in which his father Kootb-ed-deen, attained the dignity of cup-bearer; which, with the government of Khwarizm, were transmitted to his son. Though his design of asserting independence was suspected, the sultan Sandjar, with a generosity rare in an Asiatic prince, refused to sanction the arrest of one, from whom, and from whose father, he had received good service, and suffered him to depart for Khwarizm. But this confidence was ill-rewarded; Atsiz no sooner reached his government, than he threw off the supremacy of the sultan, who marched against him and defeated him, but again pardoned him on receiving his submission. But no sooner were the Seljukian troops withdrawn, than Atsiz was again in revolt, and even hired assassins to attempt the life of Sandjar, who only escaped by a warning which he received from the poet Sabir. Though more than once compelled to resume a nominal allegiance, Âtsiz continued, in fact, independent; and the captivity of Sandjar among the Oghuz Turkmans, some years later, enabled him to confirm and establish his power. The commencement of the Khwarizmian monarchy is generally dated A. D. 1138, A. H. 533, and it subsisted ninety-six years, under six monarchs, till overthrown by the arms of Jenghiz-Khan. Atsiz died of paralysis, A. D. 1156. a. H. 551, after having ruled Khwarizm, first as viceroy, and afterwards as sovereign, for twenty-nine years; leaving his son Il-Arslan his successor. His character is eulogized by oriental writers for valour, generosity, and love of letters; qualities which atone in their eyes for his ingratitude to his benefactor Sandjar. (Abulfeda. D'Her