catholic clergy, and retired to Würzburg, whence he went, in 1530, with the bishop to Augsburg, and was present at the delivering of the Confession. After the catholics had been reinstalled in Erfurt, he returned thither, and died in the convent of the Augustines in 1532. His works are at present very rare, but without intrinsic value. His style of theological controversy was rather distinguished by abuse of the opposite party than argument. It shows the insufficiency of the catholics at that period, that such a man could ever have been considered the most conspicuous champion of their cause. (Moschmann. Rotermundt. Ersch und Grueber, Encycl.)

ARNOLDI, (John, 1751-1827,) an eminent Dutch diplomatist, born at Herborn. By his mother's side he was grandson of the orientalist, Albert Schultens. At the age of sixteen he was admitted among the number of the academicians of his native town, and afterwards studied in the university of Göttingen. After his return to Herborn he obtained the place of secretary to the regency; in 1774 he was appointed auditor of the chambre des comptes; and in 1792 exercised the same functions under the regency. After the breaking out of the war of the revolution, he was charged by his Sovereign with the entire management of the military business. During the eventful period which followed, he was constantly employed on different diplomatic services. In 1802 he was chosen to form part of the cabinet of the new prince, William Frederic; but after the battle of Jena, and the fall of the family of Orange, he retired from affairs, until recalled into action by the peace of Tilsit. In 1809 he was engaged in an attempt to make a general rising in Westphalia and other parts of Germany, but his efforts were rendered abortive by the successes of the French against Austria. In 1813 the reviving fortunes of the house of Orange enabled him to return to his native country; where, after again filling some of the highest offices in the state, he died on the 2d of December, 1827. Arnoldi was the author of several political tracts, most of them printed in the German journals of the day. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOLDUS DE VILLA NOVA, (1238 -1314,) a celebrated physician, named from the place of his birth, a small village in the neighbourhood of Montpellier. He is supposed to have been born about 1238; he studied ten years at

Montpellier, and twenty at Paris, and afterwards travelled through Italy and Spain, visiting all the universities of those countries. In Spain, he made the acquaintance of the celebrated Raymond Lully, who became his pupil. Arnoldus is renowned as a theologian, a physician, an alchemist, and an astrologer. Alchemical and astrological studies were the prevailing follies of the age in which he lived. He imagined that he had discovered the art of transmuting metals into gold, and he carried his confidence in astrology so far as to predict the termination of the world in the year 1335. He incurred the hatred and persecution of the inquisitors of the faith, was denounced as a heretic, and obliged to quit Paris. The faculty of theology condemned fifteen positions which he had advanced, and the whole of which may be considered to be fairly embraced in the following:-" That the works of mercy, and the services rendered to humanity by a good and wise physician, are more acceptable to the Deity than all the pious works of the priests, their prayers, and even the holy sacrifice of the mass." These reflections upon the monks and the mass, were doubtless sufficient to incur the animosity of the priesthood. Arnold took refuge in Sicily, and there enjoyed the protection of Frederic, king of Arragon, and Robert, king of Naples. By the former he was employed in some diplomatic matters. His retirement terminated upon the illness of Pope Clement V., who required his professional attendance at Avignon, and in his voyage to the pope he perished by shipwreck, in the year 1314, at the age of seventy-six years. His remains were interred at Genoa. In such high estimation was Arnold held by the pope, that, upon occasion of his death, he advertized for a book on the Practice of Medicine, which Ar. nold had promised to him, and even fulminated an excommunication against any one withholding it from him.

The fame of Arnold must rest upon his chemical discoveries, not upon his medical reputation. His medical works are not remarkable either for their style, or the subject matter of them, and do not merit consideration. His Commentary on the celebrated Schola Salernitana constitutes his chief and best production of this kind, and was composed during his retreat in Sicily. See JOHN of MILAN.

Chemistry may be said to owe much to the labours of Arnold, since to him we are indebted for the discovery of the sulphuric, the muriatic, and the nitric acids. The

sulphuric acid he found to be a menstruum capable of retaining the sapid and odoriferous principles of various vegetable substances, and from this discovery have issued the numerous spirituous solutions so commonly used as tinctures in medicine, and as cosmetics. The essential oil of turpentine was also discovered by Arnold, and he is said to have been the first to give any regular scientific details of the process of distillation. Arnold was a doctor of physic of Montpellier, and for some time regent of the faculty at that university. His works have been collected together, and published in one volume folio, at Lyons, in 1504, in 1509, and in 1520; at Basle, in 1515 and in 1585; at Venice, in 1514, &c.; and a Life of Arnold, by Symphorien Champier, is prefixed to the Basle edition of 1515, which has also the notes of Jerome Taurellus; and another Life was published in 1719, at Aix, by Haitze, under the name of Peter Joseph.

ARNOLF, or ARNOUL, a Milanese historian, lived at the end of the eleventh century. His History of Milan extends from 923 to 1077, and is remarkable for its accuracy. It is included in the great collection of Muratori, and it will also be found in Leibnitz, Rerum Brunsvic. Scriptores, tom. iii. and in the Thesaurus Antiq. Ital. of Burmann. (Biog. Univ.) ARNOLFINI, (Giovanni Attilio, 1733 -1791,) an Italian engineer of much merit. He was a native of Lucca, and in an official employment given to him there, he was very useful in forming canals, and in other applications of hydrostatical knowledge, both in the Lucchese territory and elsewhere. La Lande, in his Journey in Italy, speaks most highly of his talents. (Tipaldo, i. 14.)

ARNOLFO, (di Lapo,) an architect and sculptor, born at Florence in 1232, deceased 1300. He inherited the talents of his father Lapo, who being employed upon the most important buildings of his time, was enabled to instil into the mind of his son the soundest principles of architecture then known, both as to theory and practice. One of the first works of Arnolfo was the outer line of the city walls of Florence, to which he added towers. He designed the Piazza Or San Michele, the church of which consists of an imposing square building, with the upper part occupied as the archivia. The boldest features in this striking mass are the windows, twenty feet wide, with circular heads, and the tracery filled up with a bastard Gothic. He was also architect

of the Piazza dei Priori, la Badìa, and of the church of Santa Croce, in which is his portrait painted by Giotto. These and other edifices procured him the distinguished privilege of being elected a citizen of the republic, and pointed him out as well worthy to carry into effect the intention of the Florentines, to erect the largest church in the world to the honour of Santa Maria dei Fiori in the centre of their city, and occupying the site of a vast number of smaller churches. The powers of Arnolfo must be measured not by the standard of edifices erected since his time, and to which his genius gave rise, but by comparing the state of architecture as he found and left it. He cast aside all the puerilities of the corrupt German Gothic, which had previously prevailed in Italy but had there found an uncongenial soil, and he adopted a broad and vigorous style of composition, dividing his mass into simple and imposing parts. The church of Santa Maria dei Fiori at Florence is too well known to require a lengthened description in this place. Its form is that of a Latin cross, the east end and ends of the transepts being polygonal. The construction was of the most solid nature, so that when Arnolfo died, having completed the church only up to the tambour of the projected cupola, Brunelleschi found the walls, piers, and foundations, so substantial as to enable him, without apprehension, to proceed with his own design for completing the fabric. Arnolfo had not studied the ancient monuments of Roman art; he was, consequently, not acquainted with those resources of decoration, which, if introduced in this monument of his genius, would have saved the interior from that chilling and poverty-stricken nudity which now is so apparent, when we compare it with churches of more recent times. But when we consider the vicious style of the period, which Arnolfo had to combat and avoid, the faults into which he might so naturally have fallen, but which he escaped, it must be acknowledged that for simplicity of arrangement, breadth of effect, and scale of parts, he deserves to be mentioned among those distinguished men, to whom modern architecture is under great obligations. (Quatremère de Quincy. Dictionnaire d'Architecture. Milizia Memorie degli Architetti. Vasari.)

ARNOUL, (Réné,) a French poet, born 1569, died 1639. His only work is L'Enfance de Réné Arnoul, Poictiers, 1587, which is very rare. (Biog. Univ.) ARNOUL. See ARNULF.

ARNOULD, of ROTTERDAM, (Arnoldus Rotterodamensis,) a divine of the fifteenth century, whose family name was Gheilhoven; died in the monastery of Groenendaël, near Brussels, in 1442. His principal work is entitled, Gnotosolitos, sive Speculum Conscientiarum: Brussels, 1476. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOULD, (Joseph, 1723-1798,) was a member of the Royal Academy of Nancy, and an ingenious horologist and mechanist. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOULD, (whose real name was Jean François Mussot, 1734-1795,) a French comic actor, and manager of the theatre l'Ambigu Comique in Paris, was the author of a great number of theatrical pieces, and is numbered among those to whom pantomime owes its birth in France. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOULD, (Ambroise Marie, born 1750, died 1812,) was a member of the Council of Ancients in 1798, and afterwards of the Five Hundred. He held the office of maître des comptes, and was a counsellor of state under Napoleon. He wrote some works on Commerce and Finance. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOULLET, (Balthasar,) a French engraver on wood, who resided at Lyons, and who, according to Papillon, executed a large woodcut of the town of Poictiers. (Bryan's Dict. Suppl.)

ARNOULT, (N.) a French engraver, who flourished about the end of the seventeenth century, and acquired some reputation by his portraits of the persons about the court, dressed in the fashions of the time. In this style there are a set of six figures in folio, engraved in 1683 and 1684. Besides these there are, amongst others, prints of fashions as follow: Madame la Marquise d'Angeau at her toilet, folio; Pride; the Four Seasons, represented by figures in the fashionable dresses of the period. He engraved also a portrait of Mathieu de Montreuil, 8vo; but all are executed in a poor, coarse manner, and are very deficient in taste. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes. Strutt's Dict. of Eng.)

ARNOULT, or ARNOULD, (Sophie, 1740-1802,) a very eminent French actress, was born in Paris of respectable parents, her father keeping an hôtel garni. She made her first appearance on the 15th of December, 1757, at the opera in that city, where she played the principal parts, until her retirement from the stage in 1778. She is said to have been greatly praised by Garrick when be visited Paris; and was celebrated by

Dorat in his poem of La Declamation. This lady was no less noted for her wit than for her eminence as an actress; and was equally notorious for the extent and variety of her amours, and the exalted rank of her lovers. Many of her bon mots are preserved in the Biographie Universelle, and in the Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains; in the former of which the date of her birth is given as the 14th of February, 1744, and the year of her death is dated as 1803. As, however, she appeared on the boards in 1757, it is most likely that the date at the commencement of this article is correct. (Biog. Nouv. des Contemporains. Biog. Univ.)

ARNOULT, (Jean Baptiste,) an exJesuit, born 1689, died 1753, was the author of a Collection of Proverbs, a scarce book, Besançon, 1733, published in the name of Antoine Dumont; and some other works. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNOULT, (Charles, born 1750, died 1793,) a French advocate of Dijon, and a member of the states-general. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOUX, (Jean,) a French Jesuit, was appointed confessor to Louis XIII. in 1617. He died in 1636, after having suffered for some time under the delusion of believing himself to be a cock. He was the author of several books. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNOUX, or ARNOULX, (François,) a French ascetic writer in the seventeenth century. The titles of two of his works may be given Les Etats Généraux convoqués au Ciel, Lyons, 1628; La Poste Royale du Paradis, Ibid. 1635. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNSTEIN, (von,) a banker in Vienna, and one of those many private individuals, who in this century have acquired princely fortunes. He stood, for many years, at the head of the principal national enterprises of Austria, such as the national bank, steam navigation, &c. Although a Jew, he had been raised to the dignity of a baron. Being possessed of liberal sentiments, and a cultivated mind, his house in Vienna was for many years the general rendezvous of men of letters, artists, &c., of whom he was a generous patron. He died towards the end of 1839, at an advanced age. (Allgem. Zeitung. 1839.)

ARNTZENIUS, (John,) a learned philologist, born at Wesel, in 1702, died in 1759; was appointed in 1728 professor of history and rhetoric in the Athenæum of Nimeguen; and in 1712 suc

ceeded Burmann in his chair at Franeker. He had been at Utrecht the pupil of Drakenborch and Duker, and at Leyden, of Burmann and Havercamp. Besides several dissertations, he published editions of Aurelius Victor and Pliny the

younger.

ARNTZENIUS, (Otho,) brother of the preceding, born 1703, died 1763, was professor of polite literature at Utrecht and other places, and author of some works.

ARNTZENIUS, (John Henry,) son of John Arntzenius, was born in 1734; he followed the studies of his father and uncle, and became professor of law at Utrecht, where he died in 1797, leaving various works.

ARNU, (Nicholas,) a French Dominican, born in 1629, died 1692, professor of metaphysics at Padua. He wrote, Clypeus Philosophiæ Thomisticæ, Pad. 1686, and a Commentary on the Summa of St. Thomas.

ARNULF, the emperor, succeeded Charles-le-Gros, his uncle, and was grandson of Louis-le-Germanique. He died in 899, at Ratisbon, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNULF or ARNOLPH, of CALABRIA, a chronicler of the tenth century, wrote an account of his country from 903 to 965. (Biog. Univ.)

ARNULF, (St.) archbishop of Metz in 611, was one of Clotaire's most able ministers. On retiring from the court, he shut himself up in a monastery near Remiremont, where he died in 640 in the odour of sanctity, after living the life of a hermit for forty years. His remains were transported to Metz. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARNULF, archbishop of Rheims, was a natural son of Lothaire, king of France, and succeeded Adalbaron in January 988, while still very young. His opposition to the policy of Hugh Capet caused him to be accused of having revolted against his sovereign; and in 991 a council assembled by the king's order condemned and deposed him, and gave his see to the famous Gerbert, (see GERBERT.) The pope, however, was not satisfied at this proceeding; and in another council, ordained that Arnulf should be restored, which was not done till after the king's death, and Gerbert was himself raised to the supreme pontificate. Arnulf retained his bishopric till his death in 1021, or, according to others, 1023. The writings of Arnulf are lost,

and nothing is left of him but a few official acts, which he composed. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. vii. 245.)

ARNULF, monk of St. André at Avignon, a writer of the eleventh century, who has left a brief chronicle brought down to the year in which he wrote, (A.D. 1026), a short martyrology, a tract on Weights and Measures, and some others. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. vii. 251.)

ARNULF, bishop of Orleans, the most learned and eloquent prelate of the Gallic church at the end of the tenth century, who was consecrated to that see about 986. He was a great opponent of Abbo of Fleuri. He crowned Robert, the son of Hugh Capet, in 988. A few years before he had rebuilt his cathedral, in which this ceremony was celebrated, and which had been destroyed by fire. In 991, he was the most active prelate in the council which deposed Arnulf of Rheims. He died about the end of the century, but the exact date is uncertain. works now preserved, are the Acts of the Council in 991, and a treatise De Cartilagine. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. vi. 521.)

His

ARNULF, a French monk, nearly related to the counts of Champagney, who was made abbot of Lagni, in the diocese of Paris, in 1066. He travelled into Italy in 1078, and on his return brought into France the relics of St. Thibaud, archbishop of Vienne. He is said to have been the author of a Life of Furseus, supposed to be the same as the one printed by Mabillon and the Bollandists. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. ix. 290.)

ARNULF, abbot of St. Martin de Troarn, in the diocese of Bayeux, a friend of St. Anselm. He was elected abbot in 1088 or 1089. His writings are spoken of by old writers, but do not appear to be preserved. Richard des Fourneaux dedicated to him his Commentary on the Ecclesiastes. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. ix. 519.)

ARNULF, a Flemish preacher, remarkable for his austerity and learning, who preached the crusade through France and Germany in the twelfth century. He went with the army which was directed against the Moors in Spain, and leaving England with the numerous fleet employed in that expedition, was present at the taking of Lisbon, 11th October, 1147, and wrote an account of the siege, which is printed in the first volume of the great collection by Dom Martenne.

ARNULF, bishop of Lisieux, one of the distinguished prelates of the twelfth century, was born in the earlier years of