ment westward, as they were driven out by more powerful people in their rear. The western bank of the Rhine has been already described, as containing several German nations which had thus immigrated from the east, and established themselves in the three Gallic provinces along that river. On its eastern or right bank, on the coast of the North Sea, are the Frisii, in part of Holland, Friesland, and Groningen; their country was intersected by a canal, called Flevo, made by Drusus, B. C. 12, which carried a portion of the waters of the Rhine into the Lacus Flevus. This lake communicated originally with the ocean by a narrow channel, which has been converted into an arm of the sea, by gradual encroachments from without, and particularly by a great inundation in the thirteenth century. It is now the Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea, so called as opposed to the Northern or German Ocean. The channel formed by Drusus is now the Yssel; but one of the outlets of the gulf retains the name of Vlie. North-west of the Frisii were the Chauci, divided into Greater and Lesser, who claimed, according to Tacitus, to belong to the great Suevic nation. The Chauci Majores were situated on the coast of Oldenburg, between the Ems and Weser; the Minores in Bremen, between the Weser and Elbe; beyond the mouth of the Elbe, were the Angli and Saxones, who gave name to the German conquerors of Britain, in Sleswic and Holstein, at the roots of the long peninsula of Jutland, called by the antients Chersonesus Cimbrica. This name is derived from the Cimbri, a nation supposed to have migrated from this region, and, joining the Teutones, who occupied the adjacent islands, to have traversed the whole of Germany; from whence the Cimbri poured into Italy in the year B. C. 101, and were defeated by Marius at Vercellæ, the year after his overthrow of their Teuton allies in Gaul. The modern name of Jutland is derived from the Jutæ, a people who occupied a portion of the Chersonese. South of the Chauci were the Angrivarii, who gave their name to Angria, the kingdom of the Saxon Witikind, the opponent of Charlemagne in the ninth century. In this region, in the first century, were the seats of the Cherusci, the warlike Hermionic tribe who, under their brave chieftain Arminius, overthrew Varus and his three legions in the Saltus Teutoburgiensis, near the sources of the Lippe and Ems (A. D. 10). Ascending the Rhine from the coasts of the Frisii, we arrive at the Bructeri on the Yssel and the Saltus Casia*; and the Marsii (about Munster) on the Lippe. The Usipetes and Tenctheri were driven across the Rhine by the pressure of more powerful neighbours; but Cæsar checked their invasion of Belgium, and forced them to return to the right bank of the river. They continued to exist as small and obscure tribes among the more powerful Sicambri. This warlike people are mentioned also by Cæsar, who attacked them in his short expedition into Germany, B. c. 55. Augustus compelled them to give hostages and submit to terms.† They dwelt on the Luppia, the Rura (Ruhr), and Sigus (Sieg), from which river they may have derived their name. Tiberius subdued and transplanted a portion of them to the left bank of the Rhine. Others escaped the yoke of the Romans by migrating northwards. The Mattiaci lay between the Sieg and the Monus (Mayn), and occupied the Mons Taunus, or Taussengebirge, in Nassau. Southwards from *This forest may have been considered as the beginning of the great Hercynius Saltus, according to the expression of Claudian, accola sylvæ Bructerus Hercyniæ. †Te cæde gaudentes Sicambri Cons. Hon. 451. Compositis venerantur armis. Hor. Od. IV. xiv. 51. hence, the district between the Rhine, the Mayn, and the Upper Danube, was called by the Romans the Agri Decumates; being subjected, in return for Roman protection, to a contribution of a tenth of its produce to the Roman government. This was the region afterwards occupied by the Alemanni, from whom Germany itself has derived the name of Alemannia (Allemagne). The states between the Logna or Lahn and the Danube were held for a time by the Romans, and, in the time of Hadrian, were defended from the incursions of the free tribes of Germany, by a rampart extending across the country from the neighbourhood of Coblentz nearly to Regium or Ratisbon. Behind the Sicambri, about the sources of the Visurgis, lay the Chatti, a tribe of the Hermiones, who had succeeded in the first century to the seats occupied by the Suevi in the time of Cæsar.* The descendants of the above-named tribes formed, in the fourth and fifth centuries, the great confederacy of the Franks, — the conquerors of Gaul and founders of the modern kingdom of France. Passing eastward from the valley of the Upper Rhine, we come to the Hermunduri, the people of northern Bavaria and Saxony, the greatest of the Hermionic tribes. East of them, on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci, about Ratisbon; north-east of these the Boii, or Boiohemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the Marcomanni, under their king Maroboduus, in the time of Augustus. South-east of the Boii or Marcomanni, were the Quadi, who occupied Moravia. North-east of these were the Osi, Gothini, and Burii, in Silesia; north-west of whom were the Marsigni and Silingi; and further to the northwest the Semnones, a powerful people about Dresden. Among the Lygian tribes between the Viadrus and *The Chatti occupied Hesse-Cassel, the capital of which derives its name from a Roman castellum. Vistula, it may be sufficient to specify, with Tacitus, the most powerful: the Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii, and Naharvali. It remains only to mention the Vandal tribes, spreading from the south shores of the Baltic. The name may be derived from the German word wandeln, "to roam;" and history mentions some of the Vandals in the most distant parts of Europe, and even in Africa, which they overran under Genseric, in the fifth century. Tacitus knew them only by name; but in the next century they became formidable to the Romans on the Danube, in conjunction with the Marcomanni and Quadi. Among the tribes which are specified in their earlier seats, we may mention the Langobardi, driven eastward across the Elbe by Tiberius, who afterwards became a powerful people, and gave name to the conquerors of Italy and founders of the Lombard kingdom; and the Varini, Viruni, or Pharodeni, who were probably one people, and were supposed to have occupied the modern Mecklenburgh. The name of the Rugii is still preserved in Rugenwald. South of the Rugii were the Burgundiones, who afterwards migrated into France, and possessed the province of Burgundy. Tacitus mentions the Gothones also, as a German people less barbarous than most of the other tribes of that nation, and places them beyond the Lygii. They are supposed to be the ancestors of the celebrated Gothi, or Goths. The Baltic Sea was of the Sinus Codanus. known to the Romans by the name With the With the great Scandinavian peninsula they had little acquaintance. Tacitus mentions the Suiones and Sitones, the former of whom may have occupied the coast of Sweden, the latter of Norway. Taking the Vistula as the boundary of Germany, the whole remainder of Europe, north of Dacia and the Carpathian range, was comprised under the general name of Sarmatia. CHAP. VIII. COUNTRIES NORTH AND NORTH-EAST OF THE ADRIATIC. A. G., Plates I. VI. X. BETWEEN Italy and the Danube lay the countries of Rhætia, Vindelicia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Illyricum. Rhætia occupied the central Alps, together with their northern and southern valleys, from the sources of the Rhone to those of the Dravus (Drave) and Plavis (Piave). Rhætia comprehended, therefore, the Grisons, and great part of the Tyrol, besides some Italian valleys. The antients, as we learn from Livy, considered the Rhæti to have been of Etruscan origin, but this is very uncertain. From the similarity of the names of their towns to many in Gaul, it is probable that they are to be regarded as Celts. They were not subdued by the Romans till the time of Augustus, when Tiberius and Drusus penetrated their fastnesses, and led the legions through their country by the valleys of the Rhine and Inn*, B.C. 15, A.U.c. 739. Videre Rhæti bella sub Alpibus Milite nam tuo Drusus Genaunos, implacidum genus, Alpibus impositas tremendis Dejecit acer plus vice simplici. The Brenni, or Breuni, and Genauni, were former gave name to the pass of the Brenner. Hor. Od. IV. iv. 17. Hor. Od. IV. xiv. 10. probably Tyrolese, the |