ἀνάγκη φυλάττεσθαι καὶ διορθοῦσθαι περὶ τούτων· ἔστι γὰρ δέος μήποθ ̓ ὡς ἀμυνούμεθα γράψας τις καὶ συμβου- 15 λεύσας εἰς τὴν αἰτίαν ἐμπέσῃ τοῦ πεποιηκέναι τὸν πόλε12 μον. ἐγὼ δὴ τοῦτο πρῶτον ἁπάντων λέγω καὶ διορίζομαι, εἰ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστι τὸ βουλεύεσθαι περὶ τοῦ πότερον εἰρήνην ἄγειν ἢ πολεμεῖν δεῖ. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἔξεστιν εἰρήνην ἄγειν τῇ πόλει καὶ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστι τοῦτο, ἵν ̓ ἐντεῦθεν ἄρξωμαι, φημὶ 20 ἔγωγε ἄγειν ἡμᾶς δεῖν, καὶ τὸν ταῦτα λέγοντα γράφειν 13 καὶ πράττειν καὶ μὴ φενακίζειν ἀξιῶ· εἰ δ ̓ ἕτερος τὰ ὅπλα ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν ἔχων καὶ δύναμιν πολλὴν περὶ αὑτὸν τοῦ νομα μὲν τὸ τῆς εἰρήνης ὑμῖν προβάλλει, τοῖς δ ̓ ἔργοις αὐτὸς τοῖς τοῦ πολέμου χρῆται, τί λοιπὸν ἄλλο πλὴν 25 ἀμύνεσθαι; φάσκειν δ ̓ εἰρήνην ἄγειν, εἰ βούλεσθε, ὥσπερ 14 ἐκεῖνος, οὐ διαφέρομαι. εἰ δέ τις ταύτην εἰρήνην ὑπολαμ- 113 βάνει, ἐξ ἧς ἐκεῖνος πάντα τἆλλα λαβὼν ἐφ' ἡμᾶς ἥξει, πρῶτον μὲν μαίνεται, ἔπειτα ἐκείνῳ παρ ̓ ὑμῶν, οὐχ ὑμῖν παρ' ἐκείνου τὴν εἰρήνην λέγει· τοῦτο δ ̓ ἐστὶν ὁ τῶν ἀναλισκομένων χρημάτων πάντων Φίλιππος ὠνεῖται, αὐτὸς 5 μὲν πολεμεῖν ὑμῖν, ὑφ ̓ ὑμῶν δὲ μὴ πολεμεῖσθαι.

15

Καὶ μὴν εἰ μέχρι τούτου περιμενοῦμεν, ἕως ἂν ἡμῖν ὁμολογήσῃ πολεμεῖν, πάντων ἐσμὲν εὐηθέστατοι· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἐπὶ τὴν ̓Αττικὴν αὐτὴν βαδίζῃ καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ, τοῦτ ̓ ἐρεῖ, εἴπερ οἷς πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους πεποίηκε δεῖ τεκμαί- 10 16 ρεσθαι. τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ Ολυνθίοις τετταράκοντ ̓ ἀπέχων

τῆς πόλεως στάδια εἶπεν ὅτι δεῖ δυοῖν θάτερον, ἢ ἐκείνους ἐν Ὀλύνθῳ μὴ οἰκεῖν ἢ αὑτὸν ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ, πάντα τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον, εἴ τις αὐτὸν αἰτιάσαιτό τι τοιοῦτον, ἀγανακ τῶν καὶ πρέσβεις πέμπων τοὺς ἀπολογησομένους· τοῦτο 15 δ ̓ εἰς Φωκέας ὡς πρὸς συμμάχους ἐπορεύετο, καὶ πρέσβεις Φωκέων ἦσαν οἱ παρηκολούθουν αὐτῷ πορευομένῳ, καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν ἤριζον πολλοὶ Θηβαίοις οὐ λυσιτελήσειν τὴν 17 ἐκείνου πάροδον. καὶ μὴν καὶ Φερὰς πρώην ὡς φίλος καὶ σύμμαχος εἰς Θετταλίαν ἐλθὼν ἔχει καταλαβὼν, καὶ τὰ 20 τελευταῖα τοῖς ταλαιπώροις 'Ωρείταις τουτοισὶ ἐπισκεψομέ νους ἔφη τοὺς στρατιώτας πεπομφέναι κατ' εὔνοιαν· πυνθάνεσθαι γὰρ αὐτοὺς ὡς νοσοῦσι καὶ στασιάζουσιν ἐν αὑτοῖς, συμμάχων δ ̓ εἶναι καὶ φίλων ἀληθινῶν ἐν τοῖς 18 τοιούτοις καιροῖς παρεῖναι. εἶτ ̓ οἴεσθ ̓ αὐτὸν, οἱ ἐποίησαν 25 μὲν οὐδὲν ἂν κακὸν, μὴ παθεῖν δ ̓ ἐφυλάξαντ ̓ ἂν ἴσως, τούτους μὲν ἐξαπατῶν αἱρεῖσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ προλέγοντα 114 βιάζεσθαι, ὑμῖν δ ̓ ἐκ προρρήσεως πολεμήσειν, καὶ ταῦθ ̓ 19 ἕως ἂν ἑκόντες ἐξαπατᾶσθε; οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα· καὶ γὰρ ἂν ἀβελτερώτατος εἴη πάντων ἀνθρώπων, εἰ τῶν ἀδικουμένων

ὅτι δεῖ δυοῖν θάτερον] ' that one of two things must be, either they must cease to dwell in Olynthus or himself in Macedonia.'

ἀγανακτῶν] he used to complain of it, and sent ambassadors to justify himself.'

εἰς Φωκέας] Dr. Donaldson (Gram. p. 192) remarks: “ εἰς Φωκέας strictly speaking designates the name of the country, whereas ὡς πρὸς συμμάχους is a personal reference; from which mode of speaking arose the use of ws alone with names of persons, in nearly the same sense as εἰs with names of things; e.g. πρέσβεις πέπομφεν ὡς βασιλέα, for ὡς πρὸς βασιλέα. c. Phil. i. § 55.”

ἤριζον πολλοί] many contended.' Aeschines and his party in B. c. 346.

τὴν ἐκείνου πάροδον] His passage southwards, through Thermopylae.

Ωρείταις] See De Chers. $ 60. ἐπισκεψομένους ἔφη τοὺς στρατιώτας πεπομφέναι κατ' εὔνοιαν] that he had sent his soldiers out of kindness to visit those poor men of Oreus.'

ὡς νοσούσι] that they are in trouble. The word νοσεῖν well corresponds with

ἐπισκεψομένους.

εἶτ ̓ οἴεσθ ̓ αὐτὸν, οἱ ἐποίησαν μὲν οὐδὲν &v] So the codex S. The other MSS. have οἴεσθε οἱ μὲν οὐδὲν ἂν αὐτὸν ἐδυνήθησαν ποιῆσαι. Translate : Well then, think you that in the case of those persons who would have done him no injury, though perhaps they would have secured themselves from suffering it, he would choose to deceive them rather than to attack them after a previous declaration; but that against you he will first declare war, and then carry it on, and that too so long as you are willing to be deceived? For ἕως ἄν, in this sense, see De Cherson, § 41: ἕως ἂν ὑμεῖς δημοκρατῆσθε. It is used differently with an aorist (for, until) in § 15 above and in § 23. Comp. Xen. Hell. ii. 1: ἕως θέρος ἦν, ‘so long as it was summer.' See also the examples given by Mr. G. Kennedy, Remarks on Mr. Mitchell's Aristophanes, p. 12.

ἀβελτερώτατος] the weakest of all men.' Hesychius explains aẞéλTepos by ὁ τὸ βέλτιστον μὴ γινώσκων, a derivation which certainly makes one wish for a better.

20

ὑμῶν μηδὲν ἐγκαλούντων αὐτῷ, ἀλλ ̓ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν τινὰς 5 αἰτιωμένων, ἐκεῖνος ἐκλύσας τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔριν ὑμῶν καὶ φιλονεικίαν ἐφ ̓ αὑτὸν προείποι τρέπεσθαι, καὶ τῶν παρ ̓ ἑαυτοῦ μισθοφορούντων τοὺς λόγους ἀφέλοιτο, οἷς ἀναβάλλουσιν ὑμᾶς, λέγοντες ὡς ἐκεῖνός γε οὐ πολεμεῖ τῇ

πόλει.

10

̓Αλλ ̓ ἔστιν, ὦ πρὸς τοῦ Διὸς, ὅστις εὖ φρονῶν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων μᾶλλον ἢ τῶν πραγμάτων τὸν ἄγοντ ̓ εἰρήνην ἢ πολεμοῦνθ ̓ ἑαυτῷ σκέψαιτ ̓ ἄν; οὐδεὶς δήπου. ὁ τοίνυν Φίλιππος ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ἄρτι τῆς εἰρήνης γεγονυίας, οὔπω Διοπείθους στρατηγοῦντος οὐδὲ τῶν ὄντων ἐν Χερρονήσῳ 15 νῦν ἀπεσταλμένων, Σέρρειον καὶ Δορίσκον κατελάμβανε καὶ τοὺς ἐκ Σερρείου τείχους καὶ Ἱεροῦ ὄρους στρατιώτας 21 ἐξέβαλλεν, οὓς ὁ ὑμέτερος στρατηγὸς ἐγκατέστησεν. καίτοι ταῦτα πράττων τί ἐποίει; εἰρήνην μὲν γὰρ ὠμωμόκει. καὶ μηδεὶς εἴπῃ, τί δὲ ταῦτ ̓ ἐστὶν, ἢ τί τούτων μέλει τῇ πόλει ; 20 εἰ μὲν γὰρ μικρὰ ταῦτά ἐστιν ἢ μηδὲν ὑμῖν αὐτῶν ἔμελεν, ἄλλος ἂν εἴη λόγος οὗτος· τὸ δ ̓ εὐσεβὲς καὶ τὸ δίκαιον ἄν τ ̓ ἐπὶ μικροῦ τις ἄν τ ̓ ἐπὶ μείζονος παραβαίνῃ, τὴν αὐτὴν 22 ἔχει δύναμιν. φέρε δὴ νῦν, ἡνίκ ̓ εἰς Χερρόνησον, ἣν βασιλεὺς καὶ πάντες οἱ Ἕλληνες ὑμετέραν ἐγνώκασιν 25

εἰ τῶν ἀδικουμένων] ‘if when you the injured party bring no accusation against him, but lay the blame on some of yourselves.'

καὶ τῶν παρ' ἑαυτοῦ ... ὑμᾶς] and should take away the pretexts of his hirelings, by which they amuse you.' Comp. De Chers. § 53.

τὸν ἄγοντα ... σκέψαιτ' ἄν] ' would judge of the man who kept peace, or was at war with himself.'

Ἱεροῦ ὄρους] The Ἱερὸν ὄρος was a fort near Serrheium and Doriscus, on the coast of Thrace. See De Chers. $ 65, and De Halon. § 38. From Xenophon, Anab. vii. 1. 14, we learn that it lay on the direct road from Byzantium to the Thracian Chersonese.

ὁ ὑμέτερος στρατηγός] This was Chares, who was then co-operating with Cersobleptes.

τί ἐποίει;] what was his conduct while acting in this way ?' i. e. what else was he doing but carrying on war?

ὠμωμόκει] This is not true. The peace had indeed been agreed to by his envoys at Athens, but it was not ratified and sworn to by Philip, till after his return from Thrace. But the object of Demosthenes in making the remark was to show that these overt acts of hostility had not been condoned by a subsequent peace, and therefore that Philip must be considered as actually at war with Athens. The codex S has όμωμόκει, but almost all the other MSS. retain the augment. Comp. διωρώρυκτο, Xen. Anab. vii. 8. 14.

εἰ μὲν γάρ] for whether those things are trifling, or were of no moment to you, this would be a different question,' from that which we are now upon.

βασιλεύς] ' the king. Such an appeal to the authority of the king of Persia is somewhat remarkable. But the growing power and threatening position of Philip would naturally induce the Athenians to court the friendship of any state strong enough to protect or assist them. Philip

εἶναι, ξένους εἰσπέμπει καὶ βοηθεῖν ὁμολογεῖ καὶ ἐπιστέλλει ταῦτα, τί ποιεῖ; φησὶ μὲν γὰρ οὐ πολεμεῖν, ἐγὼ δὲ τοσούτου δέω ταῦτα ποιοῦντα ἐκεῖνον ὁμολογεῖν ἄγειν 115 23 τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς εἰρήνην, ὥστε καὶ Μεγάρων ἁπτόμενον καὶ ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ τυραννίδα κατασκευάζοντα καὶ νῦν ἐπὶ Θρᾴκην παριόντα καὶ τὰ ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ σκευωρούμενον καὶ πάνθ ̓ ὅσα πράττει μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ποιοῦντα, λύειν 5 φημὶ τὴν εἰρήνην καὶ πολεμεῖν ὑμῖν, εἰ μὴ καὶ τοὺς τὰ μηχανήματα ἐφιστάντας εἰρήνην ἄγειν φήσετε, ἕως ἂν αὐτὰ τοῖς τείχεσιν ἤδη προσαγάγωσιν. ἀλλ ̓ οὐ φήσετε ὁ γὰρ, οἷς ἂν ἐγὼ ληφθείην, ταῦτα πράττων καὶ κατασκευ αζόμενος, οὗτος ἐμοὶ πολεμεῖ, καν μήπω βάλλῃ μηδὲ 10 24 τοξεύῃ. τίσιν οὖν ὑμεῖς κινδυνεύσαιτ ̓ ἂν, εἴ τι γένοιτο ; τῷ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ὑμῶν ἀλλοτριωθῆναι, τῷ Μεγάρων καὶ τῆς Εὐβοίας τὸν πολεμοῦνθ ̓ ὑμῖν γενέσθαι κύριον, τῷ Πελοποννησίους τἀκείνου φρονῆσαι. εἶτα τὸν τοῦτο τὸ μηχάνημα ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν ἱστάντα, τοῦτον εἰρήνην ἄγειν 15 25 ἐγὼ φῶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς; πολλοῦ γε καὶ δέω, ἀλλ ̓ ἀφ ̓ ἧς

complains of it, naturally enough. Epist. 55 6 and 7.

ἐπιστέλλει ταῦτα] • writes us word so. Μεγάρων ἁπτόμενον] ‘I say that by his attack on Megara, and setting up a tyranny in Euboea, and by his present advance against Thrace, and by his intrigues in the Peloponnesus, and all the operations which he is carrying on with his army.' The attempt on Megara (B.c. 343) was suggested by Perilaus, a Macedonian partizan, who solicited the assistance of the Macedonian troops, then probably in Phocis, to seize upon the city and crush the government. The Megarians applied to Athens for troops to prevent it, and Phocion was sent with a body of Athenian Hoplites for this purpose. He marched with so much skill, that he was not only enabled to secure the city, but to rebuild the long walls to its port Nisaea (on the Saronic Gulf), so that the Athenians could always approach it, and throw in succours by sea. Macedonian troops might have been de spatched from Phocis (then occupied by them) to Pagae, the port of the Megarid, on the Corinthian Gulf. F. L. §§ 337. 374. 385. Grote xi. 621. Plut. Phocion c. xv. Winiewski, Comment. p. 145.

VOL. I.

τὰ ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ] Comp. c. Phil. ii. § 17 : τοῖς Μεσσηνίοις καὶ τοῖς ̓Αργείο οις ἐπὶ τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους συνεισβάλο λειν οὐ μέλλει. Also De Cor. § 99.

τὰ μηχανήματα ἐφιστάντας] who are posting their engines of war against a city. To the sentence ending with προστ ayάywσiv we may apply Cicero's remark, De Orat. i. § 161: “Tantus cursus verborum fuit, et sic evolavit oratio, ut ejus vim atque incitationem adspexerim, vestigia ingressumque vix viderim."

τίσιν οὖν ὑμεῖς] ‘by what then would you be endangered in the event of any thing happening?'

Μεγάρων καὶ τῆς Εὐβοίας] Megara on the west and Euboea on the east, if occupied by Philip, would have served as όρμητήρια, or bases of operation against Athens. So (F. L. § 241) ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ κατασκευασθησόμενα ὁρμητήρια ἐφ' ὑμᾶς.

εἶτα τὸν τοῦτο] can I then affirm that the man who is directing such a The machination as this against the city is keeping peace with you?' Here he completes the parallel with τοὺς τὰ μηχανή. ματα ἐφιστάντας above. Comp. Milton, P. L. i. 750:

"Nor did he scape, by all his engines."

P

ἡμέρας ἀνεῖλε Φωκέας, ἀπὸ ταύτης ἔγωγ ̓ αὐτὸν πολεμεῖν ὁρίζομαι. ὑμᾶς δὲ, ἐὰν μὲν ἀμύνησθε ἤδη, σωφρονήσειν φημὶ, ἐὰν δὲ ἀναβάλλησθε, οὐδὲ τοῦθ ̓ ὅταν βούλησθε δυνήσεσθε ποιῆσαι. καὶ τοσοῦτόν γε ἀφέστηκα των 20 ἄλλων, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, τῶν συμβουλευόντων, ὥστε οὐδὲ δοκεῖ μοι περὶ Χερρονήσου νῦν σκοπεῖν οὐδὲ Βυζαν 26 τίου, ἀλλ ̓ ἐπαμῦναι μὲν τούτοις, καὶ διατηρῆσαι μή τι πάθωσι, καὶ τοῖς οὖσιν ἐκεῖ νῦν στρατιώταις πάνθ' ὅσων ἂν δέωνται ἀποστεῖλαι, βουλεύεσθαι μέντοι περὶ πάντων 25 τῶν ̔Ελλήνων ὡς ἐν κινδύνῳ μεγάλῳ καθεστώτων. βού- 116 λομαι δ ̓ εἰπεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὧν ὑπὲρ τῶν πραγμάτων οὕτω φοβοῦμαι, ἵν ̓, ἐὰν μὲν ὀρθῶς λογίζωμαι, μετάσχητε τῶν λογισμῶν καὶ πρόνοιάν τιν ̓ ὑμῶν γ ̓ αὐτῶν, εἰ μὴ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄρα βούλεσθε, ποιήσησθε, ἐὰν δὲ ληρεῖν καὶ 5 τετυφῶσθαι δοκῶ, μήτε νῦν μήτ' αὖθις ὡς ὑγιαίνοντί μοι προσέχητε.

27

Οτι μὲν δὴ μέγας ἐκ μικροῦ καὶ ταπεινοῦ τὸ κατ ̓ ἀρχὰς Φίλιππος ηύξηται, καὶ ἀπίστως καὶ στασιαστικῶς ἔχουσι πρὸς αὑτοὺς οἱ Ελληνες, καὶ ὅτι πολλῷ παραδοξότερον ἦν 10 τοσοῦτον αὐτὸν ἐξ ἐκείνου γενέσθαι ἢ νῦν, ὅθ' οὕτω πολλὰ προείληφε, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ὑφ ̓ αὑτῷ ποιήσασθαι, καὶ πάνθ' 28 ὅσα τοιαῦτ ̓ ἂν ἔχοιμι διεξελθεῖν, παραλείψω. ἀλλ ̓ ὁρῶ

αὐτὸν πολεμεῖν ὁρίζομαι] ‘I date his hostilities against you.' Comp. Thucyd. i. 71: μέχρι μὲν οὖν τοῦδε ὡρίσθω, i. e. μέχρι τοῦδε προελθοῦσα ἐνταῦθα ὡρίσθω. Rüdiger says: “ ὁρίζομαι, notio terminos constituendi cum affirmatione conjungitur."

ὥστε οὐδὲ δοκεῖ] that I do not think we have now to consider at all about the Chersonesus or Byzantium, but that we should indeed succour them, and take care that they come to no harm, &c., and yet deliberate for all the Greeks, as being in great danger.' Mr. Kennedy's translation is very spirited: 'So much do I dissent from your other counsellors, that I deem any discussion about Chersonesus or Byzantium out of place. Succour them-I advise that-watch that no harm betals them ; send all necessary sup. plies to your troops in that quarter, but let your deliberations be for the safety of all Greece, as being in the utmost peril.'

...

καὶ τοῖς ἀποστεῖλαι] Omitted by the codex S.

ληρεῖν καὶ τετυφῶσθαι] to be wandering, and out of my mind. The old grammarians explain τετυφῶσθαι by ἐκπλήττεσθαι, ἐξεστηκέναι, ἐμβεβροντῆσθαι. Comp. F. L. § 241: ἐγὼ μαίνομαι καὶ τετύφωμαι. Thomas Magis., p. 842, derives it ἐκ μεταφορᾶς τοῦ κεραυνωθέντος Τυφώνος. Harpocration adds ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν Τυφωνικῶν καλουμένων πνευμάτων. Α simpler and more natural derivation is from τύφος, a smoke, mist, or cloud, the accompaniments of storms and volcanic eruptions.

ἐξ ἐκείνου] • from what he was then.

ὁρῶ συγκεχωρηκότας] ‘I see that all men, beginning with you (i. e. and you amongst the first), have conceded to him (a license), which has from time immemorial been the cause (or subject) of all the wars of Greece.'