in Genesis, is commonly supposed to be the same as the Tigris.

8. Scripture Geography has scarcely any connection with Europe, except as it respects the illustration of the travels of St. Paul.

9. Most of the places mentioned in the book of Genesis, before the migration of the Israelites into Egypt, were situated in the southwestern part of Asia.

10. From that time, Egypt and the country lying between it and the land of Canaan, were the scenes of most of the transactions recorded by Moses.

11. The Land of Canaan then became the scene of most of the events contained in the history of both the Old Testament and the New; and this country included more than half of all the places mentioned in the Bible.

12. Almost all the countries and places, which are mentioned in ancient history, have been known by different names in different ages; and the greater part of those which are spoken of in the Old Testament, had assumed new names before the New Testament was written.

13. With respect to the situation of a number of places rendered memorable by transactions recorded in the Old Testament, there is great uncertainty; and men of learning differ much in their opinion respecting them.

14. Various opinions have been entertained by learned men respecting the situation of the Garden of Eden; aud many have supposed the account of it is not to be under stood literally, but allegorically or figuratively.

15. The most common supposition of those who have undertaken to assign it a particular place, is that it was situated near the confluence of the Euphra'tes and Tigris, or near the sources of these rivers.

16. Respecting the situation of O'phir, the country from which Solomon obtained gold, there has been much learned

8. What connection has Scripture Geography with Europe? 9. Where were most of the places mentioned in the book of Genesis, before the migration of Jacob and his family, situated? 10. Where were the scenes of the subsequent events recorded by Moses? 11. What country afterwards became the scene of most of the events recorded in the Bible?

12. What is said respecting the changes which have taken place with regard to geographical names?

13. What is said respecting the situation of some memorable places? 14. What is remarked respecting the Garden of Eden?

15. What is a common supposition respecting its situation?

16. What is said respecting the situation of Ophir ?

but

inquiry, and various opinions have been maintained it is commonly supposed to have been situated on the eastern side of Africa, or in the East Indies.

17. The situation of Tar'shish or Thar'shish, has furnished another topic of learned discussion, and has given rise to a great variety of opinions. Some of the suppositions respecting it are, that it was the same as Tarsus in Cilicia, Carthage and Tunis in Africa, and Tartes'sus in Spain; and also that it means the sea or ocean in general.

18. It has also been supposed that there were two places or countries so called, one on the Mediterranean, and the other on the east side of Africa or in the East Indies.

19. The ark of Noah, after the waters of the flood began to diminish, is said, in Genesis, to have 'rested upon the mountains of Ararat.'

20. A mountain in Arme'nia, now known by the name of Ar'arat, is supposed by many to be the mountain on which the ark rested; but some suppose it was a summit of the chain of Caucasus, between the Black and Caspian seas; others, a summit of Taurus, in the eastern part of Asia Minor; and others, that it was a mountain near the sources of the river Indus.

21. The three sons of Noah, by whom the world was peopled after the flood, were Shem, Ham, and Japheth.

22. The residence of Noah and his posterity, till after the dispersion at Babel, is supposed to have been in the country watered by the Euphra'tes and the Tigris.

23. The tower of Babel was erected on the Euphrates, on or near the site where the city of Bab'ylon was afterwards built; and from this point the human race were dispersed over different parts of the earth.

24. This position, which may be regarded as the second cradle of the human race, is nearly central, as it respects the residence of the most ancient nations of which we have any knowledge, namely, the Babylonians or Chalde'ans, Assyrians, Persians, Hindoos', Hebrews, Ca'naanites, Phæni cians, and Egyptians.

17. What is remarked of Tarshish or Tharshish? 19. What other supposition has been made? 19. Where is the ark of Noah said to have rested? 20. What is supposed to have been the mountain on which the ark rested? 21. Who were the three sons of Noah, by whom the world was peopled after the flood? 22. Where is the residence of Noah and his family supposed to have been?

23. Where was the tower of Babel erected? 24. What is said of this position, with relation to the most ancient nations?

34

LIBYA, AFRICA PROPER, &c.

LIBYA, AFRICA PROPER, NUMIDIA, AND
MAURITANIA.

1. LIBYA was divided into Marmar ica and Cyrenaica which latter was also called Pentap'olis, from the five principal cities which it contained.

2. Cyrene, now Curen, once a large city, was settled by Greeks, and was noted as the birthplace of Callim'achus, Eratosthenes, Carne'ades, and Aristip'pus; Berenice or Hes'peris, according to some, for the fabled garden of the Hesperides, containing the golden apples; though others place this garden on the west coast of Africa.

3. In a beautiful oasis, in the Libyan desert, was Ammon, now Siwah, noted for the temple of Jupiter Ammon, with a famous oracle that was consulted by Alexander.

4. In Africa Proper, was the celebrated city of Carthage, once the rival of Rome, famous for wealth and commerce, and for its siege and destruction by the Romans.

5. Utica was noted for the death of Cato; Vac'ca, for transactions in the Jugurthine war; Thap'sus for a victory gained by Cæsar; Za'ma, for the defeat of Hannibal by Scipio Africanus; Cap'sa, now Gafsa, as the place where Jugurtha deposited his treasures; Sufet'ula, now Spaitla, for its extensive ruins.

6. The Bag'radas, now Mejerdah, the principal river of this country, was noted as the place where the Roman army, under Reg'ulus, killed an enormous serpent. A long lake southwest of Syrtis Minor, was divided into two parts, one called Pa'lus Trito'nis, noted as the place where Minerva is said first to have appeared, hence called Tritonia; the other Pa'lus Lib'ye, the fabled residence of the Gorgons.

7. In Numidia, were Cir'ta, now Constantina, the residence of the kings, noted for its strength; Hip'po Regius, as the episcopal seat of St. Augustin.

8. In Mauritania, were Cæsare'a, noted as once the capital; Si'ga, as the residence of Syphax; Tin'gis, now Tangier Mount Ab'yla, opposite to Calpe in Spain, one of the Pillars of Hercules.

LIBYA, &c. 1. How was Libya divided? 2. What is said of Cyrene and Berenice? 3. What of Ammon? 4. What is said of Carthage? 5. What other towns in Africa Proper? 6. What river and lake? 7. What towns in Numidia? 8. In Mauritania?

See Map of the Roman Empire. How was Marmarica situated? Cyrenaica? Ammon? Cyrene? Berenice? How were Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor situated? Carthage? Utica? Zama? Thapsus? Tritonis Palus? How was Cirta situa ted? Hippo Regius? Cæsarea? Siga? Tingis? Abyla'

EXTENT OF ANCIENT EMPIRES.

35

EXTENT OF ANCIENT EMPIRES,

According to Tytler.

1. The Empire of ASSYRIA, under Ninus and Semiramis, comprehended Asia Minor, Colchis, Assyria, Media, Chuldea, Egypt.

2. The Empire of ASSYRIA, as divided about 820 B. C., formed three kingdoms, Media, Babylo-Chaldea (Syria and Chaldea), and Lydia (all Asia Minor).

3. The Empire of the PERSIANS under Dari us son of Hystas'pes, 522 B. C., comprehended Persis, Susiana, Chaldea, Assyria, Media, Bactriana, Armenia, Asia, Parthia, Iberia, Albania, Colchis, Asia Minor, Egypt, part of Ethiopia, part of Scythia.

4. The Empire of ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 330 B. C., consisted of 1. all Macedonia and Greece, except the Peloponnesus; 2. all the Persian Empire, as above described; 3. India to the banks of the Indus on the east, and the Jaxartes, or Tanais, on the north.

5. The Empire of ALEXANDER was thus divided 306 B. C., between Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, and Seleucus,

Empire of Ptolemy.

Libya, Arabia, Colo-Syria, Palestine.

Empire of Cassander.

Macedonia, Greece.

Empire of Lysimachus

Thrace, Bithynia.

Empire of Seleucus.

Syria, and all the rest of Alexander's empire.

6. The Empire of the PARTHIANS, 140 B. C., comprehend ed Parthia, Hyrcania, Media, Persis, Bactriana, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, India to the Indus.

7. The ROMAN EMPIRE, under the Kings, was confined to the city of Rome, and a few miles round it

8. The ROMAN EMPIRE, at the end of the Republic, com prehended all Italy, great part of Gaul, part of Britain, Africa Proper, great part of Spain, Illyria, Istria, Liburnia, Dalmatia, Achaia, Macedonia, Dardania, Masia, Thrace, Pontus, Armenia, Cilicia, Judea, Syria, Egypt.

9. Under the Emperors, the following countries were reduced to Roma Provinces:

All Spain, the Alpes Maritime, Piedmont, &c., Rhætia, Noricum, Panuonia, Mesia, Pontus, Armenia, Assyria, Arabia, Egypt.

10. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius divided the Empire into EASTERN and WESTERN; and under Constantine, each empire had a distinct capital or seat of government.

11. The extent of each division was fluctuating from time to time; but, in general, the_WESTERN EMPIRE comprehended Italy, Illyria, Africa, Spain, the Gauls, Britain.

12. The EASTERN EMPIRE comprehended Egypt, Thrace, Dacia, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Pontus, Armenia, Assyria, Media, &c.

13. The EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE, A. D. 800, compre hended France, Marca Hispanica (or Navarre and Catalo nia), Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, Corsica, Italy, as far south as Naples, Istria, Liburnia, Dalmatia, Rhætia, Vindelicia, Noricum, Germany, from the Rhine to the Oder, and to the shores of the Baltic.

France contained, 1. Neustria, comprehending Brittany, Normandy, Isle of France, Orleannois; 2. Austria, comprehending Picardy and Champagne ; 3. Aquitania, co:nprehending Guienne and Gascony; 4. Burgundia, comprehending Burgundy, Lyonnois, Languedoc, Dauphiné, Pro