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22. South America comprises the following countries, namely, New Grenada, Venezuela, Equator, and Guiana (ge-a'na), in the north; Brazil', in the east; the United Provinces of La Plata, Paraguay, and Uruguay, in the southeast; Patago'niu, in the south; and Chili (che'le), Bolivia, and Peru, in the west.

COLOMBIA.

1. The republic of Colombia, which comprised all the northwestern part of South America, was formed, in 1819, by the union of New Grenada and Venezuela (ven-ezwa'la), which had previously been provinces of Spain.

2. This extensive republic was, for several years, under the government of Simon Boli'var, the celebrated South American general.

3. Since 1831, it has been divided into three republics, New Grenada, Venezuela, and Equator.

22. What countries does it comprise ?

COLOMBIA.

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-1. What is said of Colombia? 2. By whom was it governed? 3. What republics have been formed from it?

See Map of South America. — What ocean lies on the east of South
Ainerica? What ocean on the west? What sea on the
north? What is the most northern cape of South America?
What the most eastern? Southern? Western?

What island lies at the south extremity of South America?
What island at the northeast of Terra del Fuego?

What strait separates Terra del Fuego from Patagonia? Where is the island of Chiloe? Masafuero and Juan Fernandez? What islands on the north of Venezuela? What mountains extend the whole length of South America, towards the west side? Where does the Rio de La Plata empty? What are its principal branches?

What countries does South America include?

In what country do the Paraguay, Parana, and Uruguay rise? Where does the Amazon empty? What are some of its principal

branches?

Where does the Orinoco empty? The Magdalena? What country lies in the north of South America? What one in the south? What countries in the west? In the east? What countries lie chiefly between the equator and the tropic of Capricorn? What countries lie south of the tropic of Capricorn? What north of the equator? How is New Grenada bounded? Venezuela? Equator? How English, Dutch, and French Guiana? Brazil? Peru? Bolivia? The United Provinces? Paraguay ? Uruguay? Chili? Patagonia ?

NEW GRENADA.

1. The republic of New Grenada consists of what was formerly the Spanish viceroyalty of the same name, and comprises the northwest part of South America, embracing the isthmus of Panama' or Darien.

2. The face of the country is greatly diversified by low and elevated plains and stupendous mountains.

3. The principal river is the Magdalena, which is navigable to Honda, 700 miles.

4. The cataract of Tequendamä', on the river Bogotä', 15 miles from the city of Bogota, is one of the most extraordinary in the world. The water rushes down a perpendicular rock, at two bounds, from the height of 574 feet.

5. The climate on the coast and low plains is very hot, and in many parts unhealthy; on the elevated plains, mild throughout the year.

6. Much of the soil is fertile, producing grain, cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar, cinchona, and various fruits.

7. The mountains are rich in gold and silver; and have also mines of platina, copper, lead, and emeralds.

8. BOGOTA', or SANTA FE DE BOGOTA', the capital, is a well built city, situated on one of the elevated fertile plains of the country, and is 8,700 feet above the level of the sea.

9. Popayan', is a handsome town in the interior; and Carthage'na, Panama', and Buenaventura are some of the principal seaports.

VENEZUELA.

1. The republic of Venezuela comprises the country which was formerly a Spanish province, known by the name of the Captain-generalship of Caraccas.

2. The country is watered by the great river Orino'co

NEW GRENADA. 1. Of what does New Grenada consist? 2. What is said of the face of the country? 3. The Magdalena? 4. The cataract of Tequendama? 5. Climate? 6. Soil and productions? 7. Minerals? 8. Bogota?

9. What other towns?

VENEZUELA. - 1. What does Venezuela comprise ?

2. By what is it watered?

See Map of South America.

How is New Grenada bounded?

How is the bay of Panama situated? The gulf of Darien?

What is the course of the Magdalena? How is Santa Fe de Bogota situated? Panama? Carthagena? Buenaventura? Popayan? Porto Bello? Pamplona? Honda?

and its branches; and it includes the large lake of Maracay'bo.

3. Some portion of the country is mountainous; but the general character of it is that of a plain of immense extent.

4. The climate is hot, and the productions such as belong to a tropical region. Some of the principal are cocoa, reckoned the best in the world, cotton, sugar, coffee, ari tobacco; also cattle, horses, and mules.

5. CARAC'CAS, the capital, is a considerable city, but has suffered much by earthquakes. La Guag'ra, its port, is

7 miles distant.

6. Some of the other principal towns are Maracay'bo, Valen'cia, Cumana', and St. Thomas.

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3. What is said of the surface? 4. Climate and productions? 5. Capital? 6. What other towns?

See Map of South America. How is Venezuela bounded? By what river is it watered? What are some of the tributaries of the Orinoco? How is lake Maracaybo situated? Caraccas? La Guayra ? Cumana? Maracaybo? Valencia ? St. Thomas? Varinas? What towns on the coast? What one in the interior?

1. This new republic, which comprises the country which was once known by the name of the Spanish Presidency of Quito, is intersected by the equator, and derives its present name from its situation.

2. It includes the most celebrated summits of the Andes, among which are Chimborä'zo and Cotopax'i ; and, though situated in the middle of the torrid zone, many of its inountains are always covered with snow, and its elevated plains enjoy a mild climate throughout the year.

3. Chimborazo, a little more than 4 miles high, was ascended by Humboldt to the height of 19,300 feet, supposed to be a greater elevation than was ever before attained by man. This mountain has heretofore been considered the highest mountain in America, but some summits further south have been found to be more elevated.

4. Cotopaxi, the most tremendous volcano in the world, rises in a regular and beautiful cone. It sometimes sends up its burning entrails nearly 3,000 feet above its summit; and its roarings are said to have been heard at Honda, 600 miles distant.

5. QUITO (ke'to), the capital, is remarkable for its great elevation, being situated on the skirt of the volcanic mountain Pinchincha, 9,500 feet above the level of the sea. It is one of the largest cities in South America, and has many magnificent edifices.

6. Guayaquil (gwi'a-keel), is the principal port; and Cuença (kwen'sa) and Riobam'ba are considerable towns in the interior.

GUIANA.

1. The name of Guiä'na (ghe-ä'na) was formerly applied to a large country extending from the Orinoco on the north, to the Amazon on the south; but Spanish Guiana now forms a part of Venezuela, and Portuguese Guiana a part of Brazil. The rest of the country belongs to the English, Dutch, and French.

EQUATOR.1. What does Equator comprise, and by what is it intersected? 2. What is said of the country? 3. Chimborazo ? 4. Cotopaxi? 5. Quito? 6. What other towns?

GUIANA. - 1. What is said of Guiana?

See Map of South America.. How is Equator bounded?

On which side of the equator does most of it lie? What rivers rise from its mountains? How are Chimborazo and Cotopaxi situated. Quito? Guayaquil ? Cuença?

What towns on the coast? What ones in the interior?

2. The surface is generally very level; the climate hot and unhealthy; the soil very fertile.

3. The productions are similar to those of the West Indies, and consist chiefly of sugar, coffee, collon, cocoa, maize, and indigo.

4. ENGLISH GUIANA contains three small colonies, namely, Essequibo, Demarä'ra, and Berbice'. The principal town is Stabroek.

5. DUTCH GUIANA, is also called Surinam', from the principal river by which it is watered. The capital is PARAMAR'IBO, which is a very pleasant town, situated on the Surinam.

6. FRENCH GUIANA is also called Cay-enne', and is noted for the production of Cayenne pepper. Cag-enne'. the chief town, is situated on an island.

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2. What of the surface, climate, and soil? 3. Productions? 4. What is said of English Guiana? 5. Dutch Guiana? 6. French Guiana?

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