29. A republic is a country or state which is governed by persons elected by the people. 30. The four principal RELIGIONS of the world are Paganism or Heathenism, Mahometanism, Judaism, and Christianity. 31. Paganism, the most extensive, is the worship of idols or false gods, and comprises a great variety of systems. 32. Mahometanism, or Mohamedanism, was founded by Ma'homet in the 7th century, and teaches that there is one God, and that Mahomet is his prophet. 33. Judaism is the religion of the Jews, who are dispersed throughout the world, and who acknowledge the authority of the Old Testament, but reject the New. 34. Christianity is the worship of the true God as revealed in the Scriptures. The Christians are distinguished into three general divisions, Roman Catholics, the Greek Church, and Protestants. 35. The Roman Catholics, or Church of Rome, acknowledge the supremacy of the pope, and are often called Papists. 36. The Greek Church rejects the authority of the Pope, but it resembles the Roman Catholic in its forms and ceremonies. 37. The Protestants are so called from their protesting against the authority and decrees of the Church of Rome, at the time of the Reformation, in the 16th century. They are divided into various denominations, Lutherans, Calvin ists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, Moravians, Quakers, Unitarians, &c. MAPS; MAP OF THE WORLD.* 1. As the earth is a round body, the most correct representation of its surface is made by means of an artificial 29. A republic? 30. What are the four principal religions? 31. What is Paganism? 32. What is Mahometanism? 33. Juda ism? 34. Christianity? 35. What is said of the Roman Catholics? 36. The Greek Church? 37. The Protestants? MAPS.-1. What is the best representation of the earth? *N. B.-In studying this section, the pupil, sitting with his face to the north, should have the Map of the World spread open before him, and carefully inspect all the matters here described, as globe, on which the different parts of the land and water are drawn according to their natural situation. 2. A map is a representation of the earth, or a part of it, upon a plane or a level surface. 3. The Map of the World is a globe divided into two equal parts, and reduced to a plane or level. 4. The two parts are called hemispheres or half globes; one named the eastern, the other, the western hemisphere. 5. The top of maps is towards the north; the bottom, towards the south; the right hand, east ; and the left hand, west 6. The Equator or Equinoctial is a line which passes from east to west through the middle of the map of the world, at an equal distance from the poles, dividing it into two equal parts. The northern part is called the northern hemisphere; the southern part, the southern hemisphere. 7. The Latitude of a place is its distance from the equator, north or south, measured on a meridian towards either pole, reckoned in degrees (°), minutes ('), and seconds ("); 8. The number of degrees of latitude can never exceed 90, as that is the distance of the poles from the equator. 9. A degree is equal to 60 geographical miles, or about 69 English statute miles. 10. Latitude upon maps is expressed by the figures on their sides. If the figures increase upwards, the latitude is north; if downwards, it is south. 11. Lines drawn across the maps, from right to left, are called parallels of latitude. 12. The Longitude of a place is its distance from the first meridian, east or west, and cannot exceed 180°. 13. Longitude is commonly expressed on maps by figures on the top or bottom; but on the map of the world, by figures on the equator. If the figures increase from left to right, the longitude is east; if from right to left, it is west. 2. What is a map? 3. What is the map of the world? 4 What are the two parts called? 5. What the top, bottom, right, and left hand of maps? 6. What is the equator or equinoctial? 7. What is latitude? 8. What is the greatest number of degrees of latitude? 9. How many miles are there in a degree? 10. How is latitude expressed on maps? 11. What are parallels of latitude? 12. What is longitude? 13. How is longitude expressed on maps? they are delineated on the map. He should be taught to distin guish the points of the compass, north, south, east, and west, and to mark how mountains, rivers, cities, &c., are represented. 14. Lines drawn from the top to the bottom of maps, or, on the map of the world, from the north to the south pole, are called meridians of longitude. 15. In the Modern Atlas, which accompanies this book, the longitude is reckoned from London, or the Royal Observatory of Greenwich, near London, on the Maps of the World and Europe; and on the rest of the Maps, both from Greenwich and the city of Washington. On the maps of the Ancient Allas, longitude is reckoned both from Greenwich and Ferro, oue of the Fortunate (now Canary) Islands. 16. The Tropics are two dotted lines drawn on the maps, at the distance of 23° 28 from the equator. The one north of the equator is called the tropic of Cancer; the one south, the tropic of Capricorn. 17. The Polar Circles are two dotted lines drawn at the distance of 23° 28' from the poles. The northern is called the Arctic circle, the southern the Antartic. 18. The Zones are divisions of the earth's surface, formed by the tropics and polar circles. There are 5 of them, namely, 1 torrid, 2 temperate, and 2 frigid. 14. What are meridians of longitude? 15. From what is longitude reckoned? 16. What are the tropics? 17. What are the polar circles' 18. What are the zones? QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. 1. Which hemisphere contains the most land, the eastern or western? 2. Which the most, the northern or southern? 3. What quarters of the world are crossed by the equator? 4. What islands are crossed by the equator? 5. What parts of the world are crossed by the tropic of Capricorn? 6. What parts by the tropic of Cancer? 7. What parts by the Arctic circle? 8. What quarters of the world extend into the northern frigid zone? 9. What parts lie in the northern temperate zone? 10. Does any part of Europe lie in the torrid zone? 11. What parts of the world are found in the torrid zone? 12. What islands lie in the torrid zone? 13. What parts of the world lie in the southern temperate zone? 14. Does there appear to be any land in the southern frigid zone? 15. What ocean lies east of America and west of Europe and Af rica? 16. What ocean lies west of America and east of Asia? 17. What ocean lies east of Africa and south of Asia 18. Where is the Northern or Arctic ocean? 19 Where is the Southern or Antarctic? 20. How is America bounded? 21. Africa? 22. Europe? 23. Asia? 24 Which quarters of the world lie in the eastern hemisphere, or form the eastern continent? 25. Which the western' 19. The Torrid Zone is the space included between the two tropics. This portion of the earth is distinguished for extreme heat, an unhealthy climate, and luxuriant vegetation. To all parts of this zone the sun is twice every year vertical, or directly over head; and the year is here divided into two seasons, the wet and the dry. 20. The two Temperate Zones are included between the tropics and the polar circles. These parts of the globe produce the greatest abundance of the most useful commodities, and afford the happiest residence for the human species. 21. The Frigid Zones lie between the polar circles and the poles, and are regions of perpetual snow and ice, affording but little vegetation or food for the subsistence of man. 22. In the frigid zones, the sun never sets for a certain number of days in summer, and never rises for an equal number in winter. 23. At the poles, one half of the year is day, and the other half night, the sun being there 6 months above the horizon, and 6 months below it. 19. What is said of the torrid zone? 20. What is said of the temperate zones? 21. Of the frigid zones' 22. How is it with respect to the sun in the frigid zones? 13. How is the year divided at the poles? 26. Which way from the south end of Africa is New Holland? 27. What countries lie between the equator and 10 degrees of N. Lat.? 28. What countries between 100 and 20°? 29. Between 20° and 30°? 30. Between 30° and 40°? 31. Between 40° and 50°? 32. Between 50° and 60°? 33. What north of 60° ? 34. What sea lies between Europe and Africa? 35. What sea between Africa and Arabia? 36. What strait separates the northwest part of America from Asiar 7. Where do the two continents approach nearest each other? . Where is Greenland? 39. Where are Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla? 40. Which is most southerly, Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope? 41. Where is Madagascar? 42. Mauritius and Bourbon? 43. Van Diemen's land? 44. St. Helena? 45. The Azores? 46. The Sandwich Isles? 47. New Zealand? 48. What islands in the Pacific ocean between the equator and the tropic of Capricorn? 49. What oceans and seas are passed over in sailing from New York to Canton? 50. What ones from New York to St. Peters burg? 51. To the Black sea? AMERICA. 1. America is about 9,000 miles long from north to south, being much longer than either of the other quarters; but it is much narrower than Asia and nearly equal in extent. 2. It is divided into two parts, North and South America, which are connected by the isthmus of Da'rien or Panamä'. 3. It is distinguished above the other divisions of the globe for the grandeur of its mountains, rivers, lakes, forests, and plains, and for the abundance of its silver mines. 4. America is often called the New World, because it was unknown till the year 1492, when it was discovered by Christopher Columbus, of Gen'oa; but it received its name from Americus Vespucius, of Florence, who visited the continent 7 years after the first discovery by Columbus. 5. It has become of great importance both in a political and a commercial view; and its discovery is justly regarded as the most important event of modern times. 6. America contains every variety of climate; yet its climate is reckoned to be about 10 degrees colder than that of the eastern continent, in the same parallels of latitude. 7. The Inhabitants consist chiefly of three classes, Whites, Negroes, and Indians. 8. The whites are descendants of Europeans, who have emigrated to America since its discovery; and they form more than one half of the population. 9. The greater part of them consist of descendants of the English and Spaniards. The former are chiefly found in the United States and the British provinces of North America; the latter mostly in Mexico, Guatemala, the West Indies, and South America. 10. The two other most numerous classes of whites are Portuguese, who are found chiefly in Brazil', and French who are mostly in Canada, Louisiana, the West Indies, and Guiana (ge-ä'na). AMERICA.1. What is said of the extent of America? 2. How is it divided? 3. For what distinguished? 4. What is related respecting its name and discovery? 5. In what respects is it important? 6. What is said of its cli mate? 7 What are the three classes of inhabitants? 8. What is said of the Whites? 9. Of what does the greater part consist? 10. What are the other most numerous classes? |