the northeast part of lake Dembe'a, is said to contain 100 churches. Ax'um is noted as the former capital; Mas'uah, as the principal port.

1. Barbary is a name given to an extensive country in the north of Africa, which is situated between the desert of Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea, and comprises Moroc'co, Algiers', Tu'nis, Trip'oli, and Bar'ca.

2. This country occupied a much more conspicuous place in the ancient world, than it has done in the modern : it contained the powerful and commercial state of Carthage, and several others of less importance; but in latter times it has been noted as a seat of barbarism and piracy.

3. Its most remarkable natural feature consists in the Allas Mountains, a long and elevated range, which lies

BARBARY STATES.-1. What does Barbary comprise?

2. What is said of its ancient and modern condition?

3. What is said of the Atlas mountains?

See Map No. X.- How is Abyssinia situated? Where is lake Dembea ? What branches of the Nile rise in Abyssinia? What other river? How is Gondar situated? Masuah and Ar kî'ko? Axum? Antalo? Vhat other towns?

north of the Great Desert, and which ancient fable represented as the prop of the heavens.

4. The cultivated part of Barbary comprises a tract of country from 50 to 200 miles wide, situated between the Atlas range and the sea, watered by numerous streams from the mountains, and distinguished for its fertility.

5. The climate is temperate, pleasant, and generally healthy; yet the country is exposed to the most calamitous visitatious of the plague.

6. Some of the principal productions and exports are maize, and other kinds of grain; ivory, ostrich feathers, Morocco leather, and fruits, particularly dates.

7. The locust is a formidable insect of this country, and often appears in immense swarms, making the most destructive ravages.

8. The inhabitants consist of four classes; 1st, Moors, who are the ruling people, and form most of the inhabitants of the cities; 2dly, Jews, who live in the cities and have the management of the trade; 3dly, Arabs, who lead a pastoral life; 4thly, Berbers or Brebers, who live in the mountainous parts, and are supposed to be descended from the original inhabitants, and from whom the name of Bai bary is said to be derived.

9. The prevailing religion of Barbary is Mahometanism; and the government a barbarous despotism.

10. MOROCCO.The empire of Morocco, which is much the largest of the Barbary States, and comprises a part of ancient Mauritania, lies in the northwest of Africa, and is noted for a kind of leather called morocco.

11. MOROCCO, the capital, is situated upwards of 100 miles from the sea. It is the usual residence of the emperor, carries on a trade with Tombuctoo', and was once a very large and populous city, but is now decayed. Meq'uinez (mek'e-nez), further in the interior, is sometimes the resi dence of the emperor.

12. Fez, formerly the capital of the kingdom of the same name, is now noted as a considerable city; Mogadore', as the chief seat of European commerce; Tangier, as the residence of European consuls; Ceu'ta, as a seaport belonging to Spain; Rabat', Larache' (la-rash'), and Tet'uan, as considerable ports.

4. What is said of the cultivated part? 5. Climate? 6. Productions and exports? 7. The locust? 8. Inhabitants? 9.

Religion and government?

10 What is said of the empire of Morocco ? 11. The cities of Morocco and Mequinez? 12. What other towns?

13. ALGIERS. -The country of Algiers, which is now in the possession of France, has heretofore been the most noted of all the Barbary States for naval strength and for piracy.

14. ALGIERS', the capital, a city long noted for piraey, and taken by the French in 1830, is built on the side of a hill, with the houses rising in the form of an amphitheatre; and it presents a fine spectacle from the sea.

15. Constantina, the capital of the eastern province, and the second town in size, is noted for its capture by the French in 1837; Tremecen', as the capital of the western province; Oran', as a place of strength.

16. TUNIS. The country of Tunis includes the site of incient Carthage, and contains many monuments of ancient magnificence.

17. TUNIS, the capital, situated near the site of ancient Carthage, is one of the largest cities in Africa, and the most commercial one in Barbary.

18. TRIPOLI. TRIPOLI, the capital of the state of Tripoli, has a good harbor and considerable commerce, and is largely concerned in the caravan trade with the interior of Africa.

19. BARCA. Barca contains the site of the ancient city of Cyre'ne; but is mostly a desert. Its chief towns are Derne and Bingä'zi.

20. FEZZAN.

Fezzan', which lies south of Tripoli, is a small but fertile country, surrounded by deserts; Mourzouk (moor-zook'), the capital, is noted as a centre of the caravan trade of Africa.

13. What is said of the country of Algiers? 14. What of the city? 15. What other towns? 16. What is said of the country of Tunis? 17. The city of Tunis? 18. What is said of Tripoli? 19. Barca? 20. What is said of Fezzan and Mourzouk?

See Map of Africa. - How is Morocco bounded? Algiers? Tu nis? Tripoli? Barca? How is Fezzan situated? Biledul gerid? Tafilet? Suz? What capes on the north of Tunis? What gulf on the east? Where is the gulf of Sidra? Where is the Desert of Barca? What towns of Morocco are on the northwest coast? What ones near the straits of Gibraltar?

What towns of Algiers are on the Mediterranean? Of Tunis? Of Tripoli? Barca? How is the city of Morocco situated? Fez? Mequinez? Algiers? Constantina? Tunis? Tripoli? Mourzouk ? What is the situation of the Great Desert? Where is the Desert of Libya? Where is Berdoa? The Tibboos? The Tuarick? Mongearts? How is Augela situated? Siwah Kuku? Agades?

SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT.

SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT.

205

1. Säh'ara, or Zä'ara, or the Great Desert, which lies south of Barbary, is about 1,000 miles broad, and, reckoning from the Atlantic to the Nile, about 3,000 miles long; but the name is commonly limited to the main body, which lies west of Fezzan, and which is about 2,000 miles in length.

2. It is raised but little above the level of the sea, and appears as a vast ocean of scorching sand, having here and there some oases or islands, which afford water and vegetation, and serve as resting and watering places to the caravaus that travel over it; and in some instances they sup port a number of inhabitants.

3. This vast and dreary abode of solitude and desolation, is traversed, for purposes of commerce, by caravans, that proceed from the towns of Barbary, and from Cairo in Egypt, conveying salt, cloths, and various kinds of European goods to Tombuctoo, Bornou, and other places in Central Africa, and receiving, in return, slaves, gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, civet, and some other articles.

WESTERN AFRICA.

1. Western Africa comprehends all the countries on the coast, which lie between the desert of Sahara and Benguela; and it is noted for being the principal theatre of that iuhuman and disgraceful traffic, the slave-trade.

2. This region includes many different countries and kingdoms. The kingdoms of Senegam'bia are in the north; those of Guin'ea, in the middle; and the countries of Lo ango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, in the south.

3. The principal rivers are the Niger, Sen'egûl, Gam'bia, Grand, Mesurä'do, and Zaire or Con'go.

4. This region lies wholly within the torrid zone, and the climate is extremely hot, and to Europeans very unhealthy. 5. Much of the soil is exceedingly fertile; and the country is covered with a luxuriant vegetation.

6. This part of Africa abounds in various animals, paricularly elephants, monkeys, and antelopes; it is also infested

SAHARA. 1. What is the extent of Sahara? 2. What is said of the surface? 3. What of the caravan trade?

WESTERN AFRICA.

- 1.

What is said of Western Africa? 2. What does it include? 3. What are the rivers?

4. What is said of the climate? 5. Soil? 6. Animals?

by venomous insects and reptiles; and here is found that enormous serpent the boa constrictor.

7. In many parts of this region, the ter'miles, sometimes called white ants, construct their singular habitations, which they raise in the form of a pyramid, in some instan ces, to the height of 15 or 20 feet.

8. The principal article of commerce consists of slaves; other articles are gold, ivory, and formerly Guinea pepper, called also grains of paradise; and from these, the different parts of the coast of Guinea were named the Gold, Ivory, Grain, and Slave coasts.

9. Some of the principal towns are Teemboo', the chief town of the Foulahs; Coomassie', the capital of Ashantee'; Ab'omey, of Dahomey; Benin', of Benin; Caben'da, in Loango; Elmi'na, on the Gold coast, belonging to the Dutch; and Cape Coast Castle, belonging to the English.

10. The inhabitants consist of various tribes of negroes, some of the principal of which are the Fou'lahs, Jal'off's, Mindin'goes, and Felûups'.

11. The most tremendous scourge by which the unhappy negroes are afflicted, is the slave-trade, which is the cause of the greatest enormities, and in consequence of which

7. What is said of the termites? 8. What articles of commerce 9 Towns? 10. Inhabitants? 11. Slave-trade?