want of water; but the soil of those parts which are well watered is exceedingly fertile.

13. The leading object of European nations, in their intercourse with Africa, during the last three centuries, has been the prosecution of that iniquitous and cruel traffic, the slave-trade.

14. The principal articles of commerce obtained from Africa, besides slaves, are gold and ivory.

15. Africa abounds in wild animals; and here only are the lion, the king of animals, and the ostrich, the largest of birds, found in their perfect state. Other distinguished animals, are the elephant, giraffe or camelopard, hippopotamus, camel, zebra, buffalo, and crocodile.

16. The inhabitants, who are mostly in the savage or barbarous state, consist of various tribes; but most of them may be divided into two great classes, namely, the Moors and Negroes; but the Caffres are considered by some as forming a third great class, distinct from the Negroes.

17. The Moors are found chiefly in the northern part, and are Mahometans. They are of swarthy or copper complexion; of barbarous habits and manners; and of perfidious and sanguinary character.

18. The Negroes are chiefly pagans, and have the usual habits of barbarous or savage life. They are possessed of less activity, information, and vigor of mind than the Moors; but are more gentle, faithful, and affectionate.

19. Africa may be comprised under the following general divisions: Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia, in the northeast ;

13. What has been the leading object of Europeans in their intercourse with Africa? 14. What are the chief articles of commerce? 15. What is said of the animals? 16. Inhabitants? 17. What is said of the Moors? 18. The Negroes?

19. What divisions does Africa comprise?

See Map of Africa. - What oceans and seas border on Africa? What straits? Where is the island of Madagascar? The Comorro Islands? Canary Islands? Madeira? St. Helena ? What islands in the gulf of Guinea? What is the southern cape of Africa? The eastern? The northern? The western? What is the course of the Nile? The Niger?

What rivers are in the west? What ones in the southeast? Where are the Atlas mountains? The Mountains of the Moon? The Kong mountains? Where is lake Tchad? Lake Maravi? Lake Dembea? How is the Desert of Sahara situated? What countries are in the north of Africa? In the east? The south? The west? The central part?

the Barbary States, in the north; Western Africa; Central Africa; Southern Africa; Southeastern Africa; and the African Islands.

1. Egypt, celebrated for its great antiquity, and for having preceded all other countries in civilization, and in improvement in the arts, has been styled the Cradle of Learning; and it still contains numerous monuments of its early magnificence and refinement.

2. It is divided into Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt; the former lies south of Cairo; and the latter is situated between Cairo and the Mediterranean, and is called the Della.

3. The term Delta (the name of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, which is of the shape of a triangle), is applied to an alluvial tract of land, of a triangular form, overflowed and fertilized by the Nile, which here divides itself into several channels.

4. The valuable part of Upper Egypt is a belt of land not generally more than four or five miles wide, lying on both

EGYPT.-1. What is said of Egypt? 2. How is it divided? 3. What is the Delta? 4. Of what does the valuable part of Upper Egypt consist?

sides of the Nile, enclosed between two ridges of moun tains, which are bordered by deserts.

5. The only river of Egypt is the celebrated Nile, which forms the most remarkable feature of the country, and to which it owes nearly all its fertility.

6. This river annually passes its banks, and overspreads the alluvial land bordering upon it like a sea, carrying with its waters a fertilizing mud; and almost all the country that is not thus inundated, is barren, and a great part of it consists of sandy deserts.

7. The lands which are inundated are celebrated for their fertility, are cultivated with great ease, and produce corn and rice in equal perfection.

8. Some of the principal productions besides rice, wheat, and other kinds of grain, are sugar-cane, cotton, flax, indigo, and a variety of fruits, particularly dates, which afford the chief subsistence to a great many of the inhabitants.

9. The climate is peculiarly characterized by an almost entire absence of rain, the falling of even a few drops being a rare occurrence. The temperature and appearance of the country at some seasons are delightful; yet the summers are very hot, and the ravages of the plague frequent.

10. The Great and Little O'ases, which are fertile tracts in the midst of the desert, are situated to the west of Siut and Dendera.

11. The inhabitants are much subject to the ophthalmia, a severe disease affecting the eyes; and in the spring they are often annoyed by the simoom or samiel, a hot, suffocating wind from the desert.

12. The language chiefly spoken in Egypt is the Arabic, and about two thirds of the inhabitants are Arabs, who are Mahometans. The other inhabitants are Copts, who are descended from the ancient Egyptians, and profess Christianity; also Turks and Jews, who are found mostly in the cities.

13. Egypt has been considered, in modern times, as forming a part of the Turkish or Ottoman empire; and it has been governed by a pacha in the name of the Porte; but Mohammed Ali Pacha, some years since, renounced allegiance to the sultan.

5. What river in Egypt? 6. What is said of its inundation? 7. What of the lands inundated? 8. What is said of the produc tions? 9. Climate? 10. Great and Little Oases?

11. By what are the inhabitants afflicted?

12. What are the language and inhabitants? 13. How is Egypt governed?

14. Egypt abounds in stupendous monuments of antiquity, as pyramids, obelisks, temples, and catacombs.

15. The pyramids, which were accounted by the ancients one of the seven wonders of the world, are the most remarkable monuments of ancient art that now exist, and are alike famous for their size and antiquity. History furnishes no authentic information respecting the time or the object of their erection.

16. CAIRO, or GRAND CAIRO, the capital of modern Egypt, is the largest city in Africa, and carries on an extensive trade with the interior of the continent, and with Asia, by means of caravans. The streets are very narrow and dirty, and the houses mostly very mean; but there are many magnificent mosques.

17. Alexandria, once a great city, and distinguished as a seat of learning and commerce, and famous for its Pharos or light-house, is now greatly reduced. It exhibits interesting remains of ancient grandeur, as Pompey's Pillar, Cleopatra's Needles, and the Catacombs.

18. Damiet'la and Rosel'ta, on the two principal mouths of the Nile, are noted for commerce; Abukir', for the victory of Lord Nelson; Suez, for its situation at the north end of the Red Sea, on the isthmus to which it gives name.

19. Gir'ge is noted as the capital of Upper Egypt; Cosseir', on the Red Sea, for its former commercial importance; Siut (se-oot'), As'na, and Ed'fu, as_considerable towns; Sye'ne, as the one farthest south; Thebes, Den'dera, and many other places, for magnificent ruins.

NUBIA.

1. Nubia is an extensive country, watered by the Nile and its branches; and it comprises several kingdoms or states, of which the principal are Sennaar' and Dongo'la.

2. The country is but little known, and its boundaries are not well defined; but it contains some magnificent remains of temples and other ancient monuments.

14. In what does it abound? 15. What is said of the Pyramids ? 16. Cairo? 17. Alexandria? 18. Damietta, Rosetta, Abukir, and Suez? 19. What towns in Upper Egypt?

NUBIA. - 1. What is said of Nubia? 2. What is mentioned of the country?

See Map No. X. How is Egypt bounded? How does the Nile intersect it? How is Cairo situated? Alexandria? Damietta? Rosetta? Suez? Cosseir? Syene? The Pyramids? Thebes? Girge? What other towns on the Nile ?

3. The soul on the borders of the rivers is fertile; but most of the country consists of barren, sandy, and stony deserts; and the climate is very hot.

4. Dongo'la is noted as the capital of the kingdom of the same name; Shen'dy, as a considerable town; Ebsam'bul, for an ancient temple cut out of solid rock.

5. Sennaar', the capital of the kingdom of Sennaar, was formerly a large city, but it is now almost in ruins; Suä'kem, once a large commercial port, is now greatly reduced.

ABYSSINIA.

1. Abyssinia, which lies west of the Red Sea and the straits of Babelmandel, and contains the eastern sources of the Nile, is a country of considerable celebrity, though it has been visited by few modern travellers, and is but little known.

2. It is an elevated and mountainous country, and much of it is well watered and fertile; and it is rich in animal and vegetable productions.

3. The climate, on account of the elevation of the country, the streams of water, and rains, is much cooler than that of Egypt.

4. The Abyssinians have professed Christianity from an early period, and are of the Eutychian sect; but they are extremely ignorant; the art of printing is not in use among them; and copies of the Bible are very rare. They are of a dark olive complexion, and are noted for their singular and barbarous customs.

5. Besides the Christians of Abyssinia, the country is inhabited by several pagan nations, as the Gallas and Shangallas, who are far more noted for their ferocious manners and savage customs.

6. GON'DAR, the chief town of Abyssinia, is situated on

3. What is said of the soil and climate? 4. Dongola, Shendy, and Ebsanıbul? 5. Sennaar and Suakem?

ABYSSINIA.1. What is said of Abyssinia?

2. What of the

surface and soil? 3. What is said of the climate? 4. The Abyssinians? 5. What other inhabitants of the country?

6. What is said of Gondar, &c.

See Map No. XI.

What is the situation of Nubia? The country of Dongola? Sennaar? By what river is Nubia watered? How is the town of Dongola situated? Sennaar? Ebsainbul' Shendy? Suakem? Ibrim?