1. The Turkish or Ottoman Empire is composed of Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia; and for several hundred years it also included Egypt in Africa; but some years since Mohammed Ali, Pacha of Egypt, made himself independent of the sultan.

2. The countries included in this empire comprise most of those parts of the world which were most celebrated in ancient history and which were, in ancient times, the finest countries in the world, the seats of civilization, learning, and the arts; but they are now, owing to the despotism and bad policy of the Turks, comparatively desolate and miser

able

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

3. Turkey in Europe is composed of the following principal divisions, namely, Molda via, Walla'chia, Bulgaria, Ser via, and Bos'nia in the north; Roumelia and Albania, in the south.

4. The provinces of Molda'via, and Walla'chia, which lie

TURKEY.-1 What is said of the Turkish empire? 2. The countries composing it? 3. What are the divisions of Turkey in Europe?

4. What is said of Moldavia and Wallachia?

Mosque of St. Sophia.

north of the Danube, are not under the immediate government of the Turkish sultan, but are governed by hospodars, who are of the Greek Church, and tributary to the sultan. 5. The northern provinces are mostly level or moderately uneven; the southern are mountainous.

6. The Balkan Mountains, anciently called Hamus and Rhod'o-pe are the principal range in Turkey, and extend from the gulf of Venice to the Black sea.

7. The Danube is much the largest river. Some of the other most considerable rivers are the Pruth, Marizza, ano Drino.

8. The climate is generally excellent, though unhealthy in some parts; and the soil of a great portion of the country is fertile, but miserably cultivated.

9. Some of the most important productions are wheat, maize, rice, cotton, silk, wine, and fruits.

10. About one third of the inhabitants of this country are Turks, who are Mahometans. The rest are composed of various nations, but are mostly Christians of the Greek Church. They are in an oppressed condition, and in a backward state, as it regards education and the arts of civilized life.

5. What is said of the face of the country? 6. Mountains? 7. Rivers? 8. Climate? 9. Productions? 10. Inhabitants?

11. The Turks, who are a Tartar nation, originally from Asia, and one of the most illiterate in Europe, took possession of Constantinople, and put an end to the Eastern or Greek Empire, in 1453.

12. The Turkish government is one of the most despotic in the world. The emperor, who is styled sultan or grand seignior, is the sole fountain of office and honor, and abso lute master of the lives and property of his subjects

13. The prime minister, who is next to the sultan in power, is styled the grand vizier; the governors of the provinces, pachas; and the court of the sultan is called the Porte or the Sublime Porte, from the gate of the palace.

14. Turkish cities, by means of the domes and minarets of the mosques, often make a splendid appearance at a distance; but, on entering them, one commonly finds them to be meanly built, and the streets narrow and dirty.

15. CONSTANTINO'PLE, the metropolis of the Turkish empire, situated on the west side of the Bos'phorus, between the Black sea and the sea of Mar'mora, has one of the most advantageous situations and one of the finest harbors in the world, and it presents a magnificent view at a distance; but, on entering it, like other Turkish cities, it disappoints expectation. Some of the most remarkable objects in the city are the seraglio, which includes a vast assemblage of palaces, inhabited by the sultan and his court; and the imosque of St. Sophia.

16. Adriano'ple, on the Merizza, is noted as the second city in rank; Saloni'ca, the capital of Macedonia, for commerce; Joan'nina or Yan'ina, the capital of Albania, as the residence of the late Ali Pacha (a-le' pa-shaw'); Gallip'oli, on the strait of the Dardanelles', as the residence of the Capudan' Paçhâ', the Turkish chief admiral.

17. Bucharest, a large, but meanly built city, is noted as

11. What is said of the Turks? 12. Government?

13. What are the prime minister and court styled? 14. What is said of Turkish cities? 15. Constantinople? 16. What of Adrianople, Salonica, Joannina, and Gallipoli?

17 What other towns, and for what noted?

See Map of Europe. What seas and gulf border on Turkey? Where is the sea of Marmora ? Where the Dardanelles?

What part of Turkey is crossed by the Danube? Where does the Pruth empty? The Marizza? The Drino?

How is Constantinople situated? Adrianople? Salonica? Jean nina? Sophia? Jassy? Bucharest? Belgrade?

What towns on the Danube? On the Black sea?

the capital of Wallachia; Sophi'a, for its hot-baths; Belgrade', Viddin', Nicop'oli, Brä'hilow, Silis'tria, and Śhûm'la, for their fortifications and military importance.

GREECE.

1. The kingdom of Greece consists of what was anciently styled Greece Proper, comprising Attica, Boeotia, Megaris, Phocis, Doris, Locris, Ætolia, and Acarnania; Peloponne'sus or More'a; the island of Euboea or Negropont; and the cluster of islands anciently called the Cyclades, which lie east of the Peloponnesus.

2. The general aspect of this small but celebrated coun try is rugged and mountainous; but it abounds in beauti ful scenery; and the climate is excellent, and much of the soil fertile.

3. It has many considerable mountains, which are inter esting for their classical associations; and its little rivers, which now appear comparatively insignificant, have been rendered famous by the Greek poets.

4. This country, which was once very populous, and abounded in flourishing cities and magnificent edifices, is now miserably cultivated, and thinly peopled. It contains no large towns, and its villages are composed of miserable cottages or dwellings of only one story, and without chim

neys.

5. The Modern Greeks are a handsome people, active, lively, and courageous; having generally little education, but a good deal of genius. One of their chief employments is commerce.

6. ATHENS, the capital, once a splendid city, is now greatly reduced, but is noted for the Parthenon and other ancient monuments; Lepan'lo, for a great battle, in which Cervantes lost his hand; Missolon'ghi, for its siege and the death of Lord Byron.

GREECE.

1. Of what does Greece consist?

2. What are its aspect, climate, and soil? 3. What is said of its mountains and rivers? 4. What is its present condition? 5. What is said of the modern Greeks? 6. What of Athens, Lepanto, and Missolonghi ?

See Map of Europe. - How is Greece situated? Morea? The island of Candia Negropont Cerigo? Corfu? Cephalonia? Zante? Cape Matapan'? Athens? Corinth? Lepanto? Missolonghi? Navarin ? What other towns in the Morea?

How is Corfu situated? Cerijo? Cephaloni? Zante?

7. Some of the principal towns in the Morca are Ar'gos, Tripolizza, Mis'itra, and Patras; also Nap'oli, noted for its citadel; Malvasia, for Malmsey wine; Corinth, for its former greatness, and currants, to which it gave name; Navarino or Nav'arîn, for a great naval battle.

8. The Greeks revolted from the Turkish government in 1821; in 1833, Otho, the son of the king of Bavaria, was elected king, and a hereditary constitutional monarchy was established.

THE IONIAN REPUBLIC.

1. The Ionian Republic, or the Republic of the Seven Islands, a small republic under the protection of Great Britain, comprises the seven following small islands lying near the west coast of Greece; namely, Corfu, Cephalo'nia, Zan'te, St. Mau'ra, Ith'aca, and Cerigo.

2. These islands have an uneven surface, with rugged coasts, and a mild climate. Olive oil and currants are two

of the principal productions.

3. CORFU, on the island of Corfu, is the seat of govern

ment.

7. What towns on the Morea, and for what noted? 8. What is related of the history?

IONIAN REPUBLIC. - 1. Of what does the lonian Republic consist? 2. What is said of these islands? 3. Capital?