of its natural scenery, and the numerous and superb mon uments of ancient art, which it still exhibits.

3. The surface is finely diversified with mountains, hills, valleys, and plains; but it is mostly a mountainous country.

4. The Alps lie on the north; the Apennines extend throughout the whole length of the peninsula; and the three celebrated volcanoes, Etna, Vesuvius, and Stromboli, belong to Italy.

5. Of the Italian islands, Siçily, a large and fertile_island, is the most important. The other islands are Sardin'ia, which gives name to the kingdom of Sardinia; Cor'sica, a mountainous island which belongs to France; Mâl'ta, which belongs to Great Britain, and is celebrated for its fortifications; Elba and the Lip'ari islands.

6. The river Po and its branches water most of the northern part of Italy. The other principal rivers are the Adige, Arno, and Tiber.

7. The river Tevero'ne has a celebrated and beautiful cataract of nearly 100 feet perpendicular, at Tiv'oli; and 5 miles from Ter'ni, the small river Velino has three fine cascades, one of which is about 300 feet perpendicular.

3. What is said of the surface? 4. Mountains? 5. Islands? 6 Rivers? 7. Cataracts?

8. The climate is esteemed the finest in Europe, but it varies in different parts. In some places, particularly in a district on the southwest coast, extending from Leghorn to Terracî'na, 47 miles southeast of Rome, it is unhealthy; and in the south, the country, at some seasons, is annoyed by the wind called Sirocco.

9. The soil is generally fertile, and is well cultivated in the northern parts; but in the middle and south the cultivation is backward.

10. The most important productions are grain, wine, olive oil, silk, cattle, cheese, fruits, and marble.

11. The Italians excel in the fine arts; and the country abounds in splendid specimens of painting, sculpture, and architecture.

12. Italy comprises the following divisions or states, namely, the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, or Austrian Ita'y [see Austria], in the northeast; the Sardinian territories, in the northwest; the States of the Church, the grand-duchy of Tuscany, the duchies of Parma, Mo'dena, and Luc'ca, and the republic of St. Marino, in the middle; and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, consisting of Naples and the island of Sicily, in the south.

KINGDOM OF SARDINIA.

13. The kingdom of Sardinia comprises Piedmont, Gen'oa, Savoy', and the island of Sardin'ia.

14. Piedmont, which signifies "the foot of the mountains," is bordered by mountains on the north, west, and south, but the central part is composed of fertile and highly cultivated plains; Genoa, is a mountainous district lying along the gulf of Genoa and is noted as the native country of Columbus; Savoy, the most mountainous districts of Europe, resembles Switzerland on which it borders, and includes the mountain of Mont Blanc; and Sardinia is a large and fertile island, but very ill cultivated.

15. TURIN, the capital of Piedmont and of the kingdom of Sardinia, finely situated on the Po, is noted as a beautiful city; Alexan'dria, as a strong town; and near it is Marengo, famous for a great victory of Bonaparte.

16. Genoa, the capital of the province of Genoa, and formerly the capital of a celebrated republic, and one of the most commercial cities in the world, is built on the declivity of a hill, and is remarkable for its splendid edifices,

8. What is said of the climate? 9. Soil? 10. Productions? 11. Italians? 12. What are the divisions or states? 13. What does the kingdom of Sardinia comprise? 14. What is said of these several parts? 15. Turin &c.? 16. Genoa?

and for the magnificent view which it presents on approach ing it.

PARMA, MODENA, AND LUCCA.

17. The duchies of Parma, Mo'dena, and Lucca, comprise small but highly cultivated and populous districts.

18. Parma gives name to the famous Parmesan cheese, and Carra'ra, which belongs to Modena, is famous for its fine marble.

TUSCANY.

19. The grand-duchy of Tuscany has a finely diversified surface, and its soil is generally fertile, and highly cultivated

20. FLORENCE, the capital, situated in a delightful vale, on the Arno, and one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, is distinguished for the fine arts, and has one of the most eminent academies of painting in the world.

21. Leghorn', is noted as the most commercial town in Italy; Pisa, for its former commercial importance and its leaning tower.

STATES OF THE CHURCH.

St. Peter's Church.

22. The States of the Church comprise a considerable country in the central part of Italy, which is under the gov

17. What is said of Parma, Modena, and Lucca? 18. Farma and Carrara ? 19. What is said of Tuscany? 20. Florence? 21. Leghorn and Pisa? 22. What is said of the States of the Church?

ernment of the Pope, who is invested with absolute power in these States, both temporal and spiritual.

23. ROME, the capital, and the residence of the Pope, is situated on the Tiber, 15 miles from its mouth. It was, for a long time the most powerful, populous, and magnificent city in the world; and, though greatly reduced, it still contains many remarkable monuments and splendid edifices, among which are the Coliseum or Amphitheatre of Vespasian, constructed for the combats of gladiators and wild beasts, and St. Peter's Church, the most superb structure of modern times.

24. Bologna (bo-lōn'ya) is noted for its university, collections of paintings, tower, and silks; Anco'na and Civ'ita Vecchia, (vek'e-a) as seaports; Faenza, for its potteries; Tivoli, for its fine water-fall.

NAPLES OR THE TWO SICILIES.

25. This kingdom, which comprises the country of Naples and the island of Sicily, is advantageously situated, and has a fertile soil; but agriculture, commerce, and manufactures are all in a backward state.

26. This kingdom contains three of the most famous volcanoes in the world, Etna, Vesuvius, and Strom'boli.

27. Et'na, on the island of Sicily, is the most celebrated volcano on the globe, and has been, from remote antiquity, subject to dreadful eruptions. Large stones are said to have been thrown to the height of 7,000 feet, and are frequently projected to the distance of 30 miles.

23. What is said of Rome? 24. What other towns?
25. What is said of the kingdom of Naples or Two Sicilies?
26. What volcanoes? 27. What is said of Etna?

See Map of Europe. Where is the gulf of Tarento? How is the island of Sicily situated? Sardinia? Corsica? Elba? Malta? The Lipari islands? In what part of Sicily is Etna ? Where is Vesuvius? How is Naples situated? Palermo Messina? Catania? Syracuse? Reggio (red'jo)? Brin'disi? Beneven'to?

See Map No. VIII. - Where is the Gulf of Genoa?

How are the States of the Church situated? Tuscany? Modena? Parma? Genoa? Piedmont? Savoy?

How is Rome situated? Bologna? Civita Vecchia? What towns on the Gulf of Venice How is Tuscany situated? Leghorn? Pisa? What other towns in Tuscany? How is Turin situated? Genoa? Alexandria? Pignerola? Chamberry? Nice? Parma? Placentia ? Modena ? Lucca ? Carrara '

28. Vesuvius, which is 7 miles from Naples, and less than a third part as high as Etna, has had many tremendous eruptions.

29. Stromboli, on one of the Lipari islands, emits flames that are visible in the night at the distance of 100 miles, and is styled the lighthouse of the Mediterranean.

30. NAPLES, the capital of the kingdom, is the largest city in Italy, and famous for its delightful situation on one of the finest bays in the world. Its approach from the sea is esteemed more beautiful than that of any other city in Europe.

31. Palermo, the capital of the island of Sicily, is noted for the magnificence of its churches; Messina, for commerce; Cala'nia, for frequent earthquakes; Syr'acuse and Girgenti, for their ancient greatness.