tion of bayonets ;_Rochelle' (ro-shel'), for having been the stronghold of the Protestants, and for its long siege; Dun'kirk, for its distinction in history, and its importance as a place of strength; Boulogne' (boo-lōn), Di-eppe', and St. Mä'lo.

24. Lille or Lisle, Dôu'ay (doo'a), Valenciennes (val-änse-en'), Cambray, and Metz (mās), have all considerable manufactures, and are noted for their fortifications; Stras'burg, for its fortifications, trade, manufactures, and cathedral; Rheims (remz), as the place of the coronation of French kings.

25. Some of the towns distinguished for manufactures, besides those already mentioned, are Am'iens, noted for a treaty of peace; Orleans, for sieges and the exploits of Joan of Arc; Tours (toorz), for silks; St. Eti-enne', (connected with Lyons by a railroad) for fire-arms and hardware; Cognac (cōn-yak'), for brandy.

26. Toulouse (too-looz') is noted for having been the capital of the Goths; Av'ignon (av'in-yon), for having been the residence of the pope; Montpellier, for its salubrity and its medical school; Nismes (neemz), for its amphitheatre and other Roman antiquities; Aix, for its trade in oil; Beaucaire (bo-kare'), for its fairs.

27. Versailles' (ver-salz), is noted for its magnificent royal palace; Fontainebleau (fon'ten-blo), for its royal castle and forest; Poitiers, also the villages of Ag'incourt_and Crecy (cres'se), for battles between the French and English; Ajaccio (a-yat'cho), the capital of Corsica, as the birthplace of Bonaparte.

24. What places are noted for fortifications, &c.?

25. Which are some of the other towns noted for manufactures? 26. What is said of Toulouse, Avignon, &c.? 27. Versailles, Fontainebleau, &c. ?

See Map No. VIII. - How is France bounded:

On what waters does France border? What part of its boundary is formed by the Rhine? What is the course of the Rhone, and where does it empty? The Seine? The Loire? The Garonne? The A-dour'?

What mountains separate France from Spain? What ranges of
mountains are there in France, and where situated?
How is Paris situated? Lyons? Marseilles? Bordeaux? Nantes?
Rouen ? Havre-de-Grace? Lille? Strasburg? Metz'
Orleans? Toulouse? Kheims? Amiens ?

What towns are on the Straits of Dover and English Channel?
What ones on the bay of Biscay? The Mediterranean?

The

Rhone? The Garonne? The Loire? The Seine? The
Rhine? The Mcselle?

23. The French Revolution, the greatest political convul sion of modern times, commenced in 1789; and in 1793, Louis XVI. was beheaded.

29. Bonaparte was crowned emperor in 1804, and in 1815 his power was overthrown at the battle of Waterloo, and Louis XVIII. was placed on the throne

30. In 1830, a new revolution took place in France, by which Charles X. and his family were excluded from the throne, and Louis Philippe was declared King of the French and a freer system of government was established.

1. Spain comprises the most of a large peninsula, which is situated in the southwest of Europe, and is separated from the rest of the continent by the Pyrenees, which divide it from France.

2. It is one of the most mountain.ous countries in Europe, and a great part of it has an elevated surface; but it is finely variegated with rivers and valleys; and in the southeast and south, there are extensive plains.

23. What is said of the French Revolution? 29. What of Bonapate? 30. What revolution has since taken place?

SPAIN. 1. What docs Spain comprise? 2. What is said of the surface?

3. The Pyrenees, form the northeastern barrier, and are connected with the Cantabrian chain, which extends throughout the north of Spain, parallel to the bay of Biscay; and the country is traversed by four other ridges, which extend from west to east between the large rivers. The highest of these ridges is the Sierra Neva'da.

4. Montserrat', about 20 miles northwest of Barcelona, is a singular mountain, nearly 4,000 feet high, consisting of an assemblage of conical hills, and is remarkable for its hermitages and Benedictine monastery.

5. The five largest rivers are the Tu'gus, Duê'ro or Dou'ro, Ebro, Guädiä'na, and Guädalquiv'ir; but, on account of the mountainous character of the country, they do not afford great facilities for navigation.

6. Spain has three considerable islands in the Mediterranean, namely, Major'ca Minor'ca, and Iv'ica.

7. The soil is various; in the southern provinces, generally very fertile; but in the central parts much of it is dry and unproductive.

8. The climate is generally mild and pleasant, and the air is much refreshed by sea-breezes; but in the south, it is hot, at some seasons unhealthy, and is subject to the scorching wind called Solä'no; and in the elevated parts the winters are cold.

9. Spain has a great variety of vegetable and mineral productions; and it is famous for its wool, reputed the best in Europe; also for its silk, wine, oil, and fruits.

10. It is advantageously situated, and has great natural resources; but it suffers for the want of canals and good roads; and agriculture, manufactures, and education are in a backward state. Catalonia, in the northeast, is the part of the country most distinguished for manufacturing and commercial activity.

11. Spain, though now comparatively weak, was esteemed two hundred years ago the most formidable power in Europe; and she has been distinguished for her very extensive and rich possessions in America, most of which have now become independent.

12. The favorite national amusement of the Spaniards is Bull-Fighting, a barbarous exhibitior, which is attended by great numbers of both sexes, and to which there are amphitheatres appropriated in the principal towns.

3. What is said of the mountains? 4. Montserrat? 5. Rivers? 6. Islands? 7. Soil? 8. Climate? 9. Productions?

10. What is the state of the country? 11. What is said of its history? 12. What is their favorite amusement?

13 MADRID', the capital of Spain, is situated on a branch of the Tagus, near the centre of the kingdom, and is the most elevated capital in Europe, being about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea.

14. The two most considerable commercial ports are Barcelo'na, in the northeast, which exports wine, brandy, and the manufactures of Catalonia; and Ca'diz, in the southwest, which is the centre of the American trade.

15. The other principal ports are Mal'aga and Al'icant, noted for wines and fruits; Carthage'na, for its good harbor; Bilbo'a or Bilbä'o, for wool and iron; also Fer'rol and Corunna, in the northwest corner of Spain.

16. Seville or Sev'ille, on the Guadalquivir, was formerly much larger than at present, and the most commercial town in the kingdom; Grana'da, styled the Paradise of Spain, and Cor dova, noted for a kind of leather called Cordovan, are famous for having been the seats of Moorish power and magnificence.

17. Saragossa, is famous for its sieges; Valencia, for its fine situation and for silk; Xê'res, for the wine called Sherry; Tolê do, as the first archbishopric, and for swordblades; Segovia, for woollen manufactures; Salamanca, for its university; Valladolid', for having been a royal residence; Compostella, for pilgrimage to the supposed tomb of St. James; the village Escu'rial, for its magnificent royal palace; Cape Trafalgar', for a great naval battle, in which Lord Nelson was killed.

18. GIBRALTAR is a celebrated promontory, more than 1,400 feet high, at the southern extremity of Spain, belonging to Great Britain. It has a remarkable fortress, so defended by nature and art, as to be accounted the strongest in the world.

13. What is said of Madrid? 14. What are the two principal ports? 15. What are the other ports? 16. What is said of Seville, Granada, and Cordova ? 17. What other places, and for what noted? 18. What is said of Gibraltar?

See Map of Europe. By what waters is Spain bordered? By what mountains? What strait separates it from Africa? What capes on the coast? What rivers of Spain flow into the Atlantic ocean? What ones flow into the Mediterranean? How is Madrid situated? Cadiz? Barcelona? Bilboa? Seville ? Granada? Saragossa? Cordova? What towns are on the Mediterranean? What ones on the northwest of Spain? What ones on the Tagus? The Ebro?

PORTUGAL.

1. Portugal is a small kingdom, lying between Spain and the Atlantic ocean, and is the most westerly of all the Eu ropean states.

2. It is advantageously situated for commerce, and was formerly distinguished as a maritime power; but its prosperity has long since declined, and agriculture, manufactures, and education are all in a backward state.

3. The three principal rivers are the Tagus, Duê'ro or Dou'ro, and Guädiä'na.

4. The surface is much diversified by mountains, valleys, and plains; the soil of a considerable part is fertile, but miserably cultivated; the climate pleasant and healthy.

5. Portugal has a deficiency of grain; but it abounds in wine, olives, oranges, and other fruits.

6. LISBON, the capital, is delightfully situated near the mouth of the Tagus, has an excellent harbor, and ranks among the first commercial cities of Europe. It is famous for the export of the wine called Lisbon, and for its partial destruction by a great earthquake in 1755.

7. Opor'to, near the mouth of the Duero, is famous for Port wine; Coimbra is noted for its university; St. Ubes or Set'uval, for salt; Braganza, for giving a title to the present reigning family of Portugal.

ITALY.

1. Italy is a beautiful country, consisting of a long peninsula, extending into the Mediterranean, in the form of a boot, and separated from Switzerland and Germany on the north, by the Alps.

2. It is of great celebrity in history, and is noted for the excellence of its climate, the fertility of its soil, the beauty

PORTUGAL.-1. What is the situation of Portugal ? 2. What is

said of it? 3. Rivers? 4. Surface, soil, and climate? 5 Productions? 6. What is said of Lisbon? 7. Oporto, Coimbra, St. Ubes, and Braganza?

ITALY. — 1. What is said of Italy? 2. For what is it noted?

See Map of Europe. What cape is on the southwest part of Portugal? What rivers flow through it?

How is Lisbon situated? Oporto ? Coimbra? What towns in the northern part? What ones in the southern?