ing and picturesque situation, near the Frith of Forth, and is surrounded on all sides, except the north, by lofty hills. It is one of the best built and most elegant cities in Great Britain, the chief seat of the law courts of Scotland, and one of the most celebrated seats of learning in Europe.

15. Glasgow, on the Clyde, the largest city in Scotland, and the first with regard to commerce and manufactures, is noted particularly for cotton goods. Paisley, Perth, and Dunfermline, for cotton and linen manufactures: Kilmar'nock, for carpets; Car'ron, for iron-works.

16. The principal ports are Gree'nock and Port Glasgow, on the Clyde; Leith, the port of Edinburgh; Aberdeen', Dundee', and Montrose', on the eastern coast; and Inverness', the metropolis of the Highlands.

17. Falkirk is noted for cattle fairs; Melrose' and Kel'so for ruins of fine abbeys; Gretna Green, for the marriages of fugitive lovers from England; Ban'nockburn, for a great victory over the English; Cullo'den Moor, near Inverness, for the final overthrow of the English Pretender.

18. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603.

IRELAND.

1. Ireland is a pleasant, fertile, and populous island forming a striking contrast to Scotland, being mostly level, or moderately uneven, and having few mountains; and these are chiefly in the northern and western parts.

2. It is divided into four provinces; Ul'ster, in the north, Leinster in the east, Mun'ster, in the south, and Con'naught, in the west; and it is subdivided into 32 counties.

15. What is said of Glasgow and other manufacturing towns? 16. What are the principal ports? 17. What other places are men tioned, and for what noted?

18. When were the crowns of England and Scotland united?

IRELAND. 1. What is said of Ireland? 2. How is it divided?

See Map of the British Isles.

Which side of Scotland is most

indented by inlets? What friths are there on the eastern coast? On the western?

What islands north of Scotland? What ones west?

Where are Iona and Staffa? Where the Caledonian Canal?

Where does the Clyde empty? What rivers flow into the North Sea on the east? How is Edinburgh situated? Glasgow Greenock? Paisley and Kilmarnock? Leith and Falkirk Dundee? Perth? Montrose? Aberdeen? Inverness

What towns are near the borders of Englaud?

3. The western coast is much indented by inlets; and one of the most striking features of Ireland is the extent of bogs or marshes, which disfigure the country.

4. The largest river is the Shan'non; and the largest lakes, called loughs (loks), Lough Neagh (ne'ah) and Lough Earn. The small lake of Killarney, in the southwest of Ireland, is greatly admired for its picturesque beauty.

5. The greatest natural curiosity is the Giant's Causeway, which is situated on the north coast, and consists of many thousand columns of basaltic rock, rising from 200 to 400 feet perpendicular from the water's edge. These columns are composed of joints or lengths, curiously articulated into each other, like a ball into a socket.

6. The climate is humid and often foggy, but healthy and temperate, the winters being warmer and the summers cooler, than in England.

7. Though the country is generally fertile, and one of the most populous in Europe, yet its agriculture is in a backward state.

8. Ireland is celebrated for the abundance and excellence of its potatoes, which, together with oats, form the principal

3. What is said of inlets and bogs? 4. Rivers and lakes? 5. The Giant's Causeway? 6. Climate? 7. What is said of agriculture? 8. Productions?

articles of food for the great mass of the people. and also flax are important productions.

Grass

9. The principal manufacture is linen; and the chief exports are linen and provisions.

10. The established religion is the same as that of England; but more than three fourths of the people are Roman Catholics.

11. Ireland has but one university, that of Dublin; and a Catholic college at Maynooth'. Education among the lower classes is lamentably neglected.

12. The Irish are ingenious and courageous; ardent in all their affections; but less industrious, frugal, and temperate, than the Scotch. The great mass of the people live in miserable cabins, constructed of mud walls, and are sunk in ignorance and poverty to a degree rarely witnessed in a civilized country.

13. DUBLIN, the capital of Ireland, which is finely situated near the head of a very beautiful bay, ranks as the second among the British cities, is one of the most beautiful in Europe, and contains many magnificent edifices.

14. Cork, the second city in population, has an excellent harbor, and is the great emporium of the south of Ireland, as Belfast' is of the north.

15. Some of the other principal towns are Lim'erick, Waterford, Drogheda, and Londonderry; also Armagh (armä′), noted as the first archbishopric; Kildare', for horseraces; Balinasloe', for cattle fairs.

16. Ireland was conquered by England, in 1172, and its union with England was carried into effect in 1801.

9 What is said of manufactures and exports 10. Religion? 11. Education? 12. The Irish? 13. Dublin? 14. Cork and Belfast? 15. What other towns? 16. When was Ireland conquered by, and when united with, England?

Sce Map of the British Isles.. - What cape is on the south of Ireland? What bays on the west? Where is Valentia island? What is the course of the Shannon? What are some of the other rivers? What lakes? Where is the Giant's Causeway? How is Dublin situated? Cork? Waterford? Limerick? Killarney? Galway? Belfast? Londonderry? Armagh? Kildare Kinsale? What towns on the east coast, north of Dublin? What ones south?

1. Holland, or the Seven United Provinces, and Belgium were united, in 1814, into one kingdom, under the name of the Netherlands; but, in 1830, the people of Belgium separated themselves from Holland, and established a separate government. The king of Holland, however, retains his title as King of Netherlands. The term Netherlands has heretofore been applied to the Belgic Netherlands, to Holland and Belgium united, and now to the Kingdom of Holland, or the Batavian Netherlands.

2. Holland is the most level country in Europe, the general aspect being a continued flat, without either mountain or hill. Much of it is lower than the surface of the sea at high water, resembling a large marsh that has been drained; and it is supposed to have once formed the bed of the

ocean.

3. The country is protected from being overflowed by dikes, or mounds of earth, which shut out the waters of the sea and the rivers, and which have been formed and are kept in repair with great labor and expense. The dikes

1. What is related of Holland, Netherlands, and Belgium? 2. What is said of the surface of Holland? 3. How is it protected, and what is said of the dikes?

are furnished with sluices, so that the country can be laid under water on the approach of an enemy.

4. Some parts of the country are sandy and barren, and others marshy; but much of the soil is very fertile, and the country is noted for its rich pasture, and for its excellent butter and cheese.

5. The climate is often unhealthy, and the air damp and chilling.

6. The three principal rivers of this country and Belgium, are the Rhine, Meuse (muze), and Scheldt (shelt).

7. Canals are numerous, and serve the same purpose as roads in other countries. The common mode of travelling is along a canal in a covered boat, called a treck-shuit, drawn by horses.

8. The inhabitants, styled Dutch, have been long noted for commerce, and are distinguished for gravity of manners, industry, the neatness and elegance of their cities and towns, and the general cleanliness of their habits. They are generally well educated, and mostly of the Reformed religion.

9. AMSTERDAM, in North Holland, much the largest city in the kingdom, and one of the most commercial in Europe, is situated among marshes, on an arm of the Zuyder Zee, and the foundation of its buildings is formed by piles driven into the ground. It is a rich and elegantly built city, and the royal palace, formerly the stadthouse, is one of the noblest structures in the world.

10. The HAGUE, the residence of the royal court, is noted for its elegance. Rotterdam, on the Meuse, the second commercial city, is noted for the birth and statue of Erasmus.

11. Ley'den (li'dn), Utrecht, (u'treht) and Groningen are noted for their universities, Utrecht also for a famous treaty of peace in 1713; Harlem, for its famous organ, and its trade in flowers, particularly tulips; Dort, as the place of the landing of timber-floats on the Rhine, and for the synod which condemned Arminianism.

4. What is said of the soil? 5. Climate? 6. Rivers? 7. Canals? 8. What is said of the inhabitants? 9. Amsterdam? 10. The Hague and Rotterdam? 11. What other towns, and for what noted?

See Map No. VIII. — How is Holland bounded? Where is the Zuyder Zee? Where Texel island? Walcheren island? What rivers flow through Holland and Belgium? How is Amsterdam situated? Rotterdam? The Hague and Leyden? Dort? Utrecht? What towns in the north of Hol land? In the south? In the east'