the Great; it has been further enlarged and improved by Catharine II. and Alexander; and it has now the most formidable land army in Europe.

POLAND.

1. Poland was formerly one of the largest kingdoms in Europe; and the country, with regard to surface, is one of the most level; consisting chiefly of a vast plain, in many parts marshy.

2. In 1795, this country was divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; and in 1815, the central part, comprising less than a fifth of ancient Poland, was erected into a kingdom, which was subject to Russia; and which has since been incorporated into the Russian empire.

3. The only considerable river is the Vis'tula, which runs through a level country, and is navigable as far as Cracow. 4. The soil is naturally fertile, but is miserably cultivated. Grain is the most important production.

5. The Poles are of Sclavonic origin, mostly Catholics, and are one of the most illiterate nations in Europe. The peasantry are in a state of miserable servitude.

6. There are more Jews within the limits of ancient Poland than in all the rest of Europe; and most of the trade of the country is in their hands.

7. WAR'SAW, the capital, and the only large town in the kingdom of Poland, is situated on the Vistula, and has an extensive inland trade. Pullusk is famous for a battle between the French and Russians; Ra'kew, for having been the chief residence of the Polish Unitarians.

CRA COW, on the southwest border of the country, was anciently the capital of Poland, and is now a free city, which, together with a small district, is styled the Republic of Cra

cow.

POLAND. 1. What is said of Poland? 2. What has happened to it? 3. What is said of the Vistula? 4. The soil? 5. The Poles? 6. The Jews? 7. Warsaw, Pultusk, and Rakow? 8. Cracow ?

See Map of Europe - How is the kingdom of Poland situated? In what direction does the Vistula cross Poland? How is Warsaw situated? Cracow ? What other towns in Poland ?

DENMARK.
Copenhagen.

1. Denmark is a small kingdom composed chiefly of the peninsula of Jutland, with the German duchy of Hol'sten, and several islands in the Baltic, the largest of which are Zealand and Funen. The large island of Iceland and the Faroe Islands also belong to Denmark.

2. It is favorably situated for commerce, is one of the most level countries in Europe, and has no large rivers, but many small streams, lakes, and marshes.

3. The climate is healthy, and temperate for the latitude; though the atmosphere is moist and cloudy. Much of the soil is sandy and poor; yet a considerable proportion of it is fertile.

4. The Canal of Kiel, 22 miles in length, extends from the Baltic to the Eider, forming a communication from the Baltic to the North sea, and admits vessels of 9 feet draught.

5. COPENHAGEN, the capital, a well built city, is situated on the east coast of the island of Zealand, has a good harbor and an extensive commerce, and is the seat of all the great establishments of the kingdom.

DENMARK.-1. What is said of Denmark? 2. uation and surface? 3. Soil and climate? Kiel? 5. Copenhagen?

What of the sit4. The canal of

6. Altona, in Holstein, on the Elbe, near Hamburg, is noted as the second town in Denmark, in population and commerce; Elsineur, a seaport on the north end of the island of Zealand, as the place where all vessels passing into and out of the Baltic, pay toll or duty, as a compensation to the king of Denmark for the light-houses on the coast.

ICELAND.

I. Iceland, a large island, belonging to Denmark, receiv ed its name from the ice with which it abounds. It is celebrated for its natural wonders, and, with regard to soil and climate, it is one of the least favored countries on the globe.

2. It is composed, in great part, of masses of volcanic mountains; its surface is in the highest degree rugged; the soil mostly barren ; and no considerable trees are to be seen, but only stunted birches, willows, and other shrubs. It is very thinly inhabited, and has few villages, and no considerable town.

3. Munt Hec'la, one of the most celebrated volcanoes on the globe, is subject to the most dreadful eruptions, though its summit is always covered with snow; and it is said to have thrown matter to the distance of more than 100 miles.

4. The Gey'sers, or Hot Springs, are reckoned among the greatest wonders of the world. They throw into the air jets of boiling water to the height of 100 or 200 feet, accompanied with a noise like that of a cannon, and a trembling of the adjacent ground. Stones are also thrown up much higher than the water.

6. What is said of Altona and Elsineur?

ICELAND.-1. What is said of Iceland? 2. What of the surface and soil? 3. What is said of Mount Hecla? 4. The Gey. sers?

See Map of Europe. How is Iceland situated? On what part of it is Hecla? Reikiavik? Where are the Faroe Islands? By what waters is Denmark surrounded? How is Copenhagen situated? Elsineur? (See Map VIII.) Kiel? Tonningen? Altona?

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland comprises the two large islands of Great Britain and Ireland, together with many small ones, which are advantageously situated in the Atlantic ocean, to the west of the continent of Europe.

2. The proper or legal name of this kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; yet it is very commonly styled the British Empire, or simply Great Britain, from the name of the principal island; and England, from the most important division of the island.

3. This kingdom, with regard to population, ranks among the European states as only the 4th, and with regard to extent of territory, as only the 7th; yet it surpasses all other empires on the globe, in respect to manufactures, commerce, naval strength, and in the extent and importance of its foreign possessions.

4. Besides the islands above mentioned, Great Britain possesses the fortress of Gibraltar and the islands of Múl'ta

GREAT BRITAIN.-1. What is said of the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland? 2. What of the name? 3. What of its rank and importance? 4. What of its foreign possessions?

and Heligoland, in Europe; and has very extensive possessions in America, Asia, and Africa. Among other possessions in Asia, is the rich and populous country of Hin

dostan.

5. The island of Great Britain, the most important island on the globe, the largest in Europe, and the largest that was known to the ancients, is divided into England, Wales, and Scotland.

1. England, which comprises the largest, most fertile, and most populous part of the island of Great Britain, is separated from Scotland by the river Tweed, the Cheviot Hills, and Solway Frith; and it is divided into 40 counties.

5. What of the island of Great Britain and its divisions?

ENGLAND. 1. What is said of England?

regard to England?

Where are the Hebrides or Western Islands? The Orkneys? The Shetland Islands?

What channel and sea separate England from Ireland?

What islands are in the Irish Sea? Where is the English channel. British channel? The Straits of Dover? Solway Frith?