forgive me, I hid the jewels, until going further north, I bought sheep with them, and trained the fondling. But at length, retribution overtook me; one by one all my own sons died, and my foster child would have nothing to do with sheep, but talked continually of arms and battles. The other day he left me, and wishing to meet him, to give him these jewels, I fell into the hands of your servants."

"What is your name?"

66

My name is Norval, and the youth is called the same."

"Then, cried the lady, I have seen my boy, my young Douglas! O God! Father of the widow and the orphan, I thank thee for such a blessing. Go, good man, you know the lonely hermitage among the cliffs of Carron, stay there until I send for you. My servants! this man is honest, and the faithful bearer of these gems; put him upon his path."

Her joy was unbounded, the rich blood in her veins tingled with excitement, as she remembered the poor man's expression, that the fondling would have nothing to do with sheep. The young eaglet of a valiant nest gazed upon bright and burning arms; he shunned the low dunghill, where his fate had thrown him, and towered up to the regions of his sire.

But there was a foe in the way-Glenalvon, who to gain his point, had to the lady professed himself sorrowful for past offences, and had sworn to shield young Norval in battle. This pleased the dame, and falling rather easily into the snare, counselled the hypocrite to redeem his faults upon the Danish crest. Thus were they reconciled to each other, and the seducer's schemes thereby enchanced. He had already secured Norval's slave in his service-he would swear whatever his master suggested; and now to make Lord Randolph jealous of his protégé that could be easily managed.

The Danes had landed, and the powerful chieftains were prepared for battle. Amid their conversation they were surprised at the amount of military knowledge young Norval displayed. He explained, that on the hills of Carron dwelt hermit who in his youth had been a soldier, that he spent much time in listening to his stories, and that the reason why the recluse led an austere life was on account of having, unwittingly, slain a brother. This explanation given, the orders for the morrow were announced, and Norval, being unoccupied, was led beneath a spreading beech, by Lady Randolph, where, after some hesitation, she revealed herself to him, and told him the strange story of his birth. She cautioned him to be careful, and not to let his hot blood overrun his discretion. He, bold son, would have his mother declare his birth, and leave him to fight for his fortune and fame. However, it was not wise, as the lady remarked, for them to remain long together in that spot; and telling Norval to get a billet which she had written to him before their meeting, being ignorant of an opportunity presenting itself for an interview, which billet he would get from a domestic, she embraced him, and motioned him away.

From amid the dark trees, where they had been concealed, stepped

Lord Randolph and Glenalvon. Giving but a very short reply to her husband's question, the lady withdrew; and Randolph, who had received the letter, intended for Norval, from a domestic, peiused the contents. It named the place of assignation; they had met; and Glenalvon lost no time in making several ugly suggestions. But to test the matter, Glenalvon proposed that Randolph should hide, whilst he would tax the intruder with low birth; and if the lady's favour had had the usual effect, the swain would display a haughty bearing, and be changed from a shepherd into a proud courtier.

Nor in this was Glenalvon mistaken, for Norval warmly resented the insults of his foe, their swords were drawn, and, but for the interference of Randolph, a life would probably have been lost.

Randolph, desiring more proof of the intimacy of his lady and the youth, requested the two combatants not to waste their metal upon each other, but to present themselves at the banquet he had ordered, and if fighting was their glory, let them first display their valour upon the Dai es, and after their defeat settle private disputes.

According to an appointment made between mother and son, Douglas (Norval) awaited in the forest the coming of Lady Randolph. But to the spot old Norval came, describing how, as he had traversed the wood, he had heard Lord Randolph and Glenalvon in solemn conversation, in which they spoke of a wonderful discovery, and vowed vengeance. The foster-father advised his ward to fly, but in vain, he would await his mother's arrival.

Upon her approach Norval left Douglas's presence, and the lady and son embraced each other tenderly. Her advice to Douglas was the same as Norval had given him; he would obey her, so they kissed and separated.

But, as they did this, Randolph and Glenalvon were heard behind the trees, and presently the husband, who had intercepted Douglas, was engaged with him in combat fierce; whilst Glenalvan, seizing upon so favourable a moment, summoned the demons of hell to his help, and rushed upon husband and lover, as he termed Douglas, with the intention of killing them both.

The duel was soon over-Douglas returned to his mother, carrying two swords, but complaining of having been stabbed in the back by Glenalvon. He grew pale and faint, the wound was mortal-death was upon him, though he had the satisfaction of knowing that the villain was no more. He gradually sank, and, whilst Lady Randolph lamented his fate, her husband came to beg her forgiveness; he knew not that Douglas was in reality her son, and Glenalvon had filled his mind with jealousy.

Distraction and frenzy set upon the lady's brain; she rushed wildly from the scene of her misfortunes; and an attendant, who had been after her, returned presently with the fearful message that the lady was no more, having dashed herself over the dizzy precipice.

"Image of Douglas, fruit of fatal love,

All that I owe thy sire, I pay to thee."

ROADS OR RAILROADS IN TURKEY IN ASIA.

PART I.

Ir is a remarkable fact that, although one of the most anciently civilised countries in the world, and one with the most chequered history, what is known as Turkey in Asia possesses no good available roads. This is probably owing in a great measure to wheeled conveyances never having been in general use. What chariots were known to ancient times appear to have been mainly in use on the more level countries south of the Taurus chain of mountains, which traverses a large portion of Asiatic Turkey, and separates the hilly regions of Asia Minor and Armenia from the plains of Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Syria.

The chariots of the Assyrians appear to have been made of wool, and to have varied considerably in form at different periods. Chariots of iron are, however, mentioned in Judges, i. 19, and iv. 3. A car from an Egyptian tomb, now at Florence, was made of birchwood and ivory. The Assyrian chariots of later times were ornamented and probably inlaid with gold, silver, and precious woods, and also painted. The whole chariot closely resembled that of the Persepolitan sculptures, and of the great Mosaic from Pompeii in the museum of Naples, the subject of which is conjectured to be one of the battles between Alexander and Darius. Magnificent carriages, known to the classics as armamaxæ, are described as having been used by the 'ancient Persians in processions, and sacred chariots accompanied the Persian kings in their wars. (Xenophon, Cyrop. lvii., c. 3. Quintus Curtius, liii., c. 3.)

Thirty chariots, worked with gold and silver and with painted poles, are mentioned in the statistical tablet of Karnak, as having been brought to Egypt from Naharaina, or Mesopotamia. The Elamites, amongst the tributaries of the Assyrians, were celebrated for their chariots carrying archers (Isaiah, xxii. 6). According to Holy Writ, Solomon had 1400 chariots, the Syrians 700, the Philistines 30,000. (Compare, 2 Chron. i. 14, and viii.; 6, 2 Sam. x. 18, and 1 Sam. xiii. 5.)

Layard was inclined to believe that as chariots were in such general use, it may be presumed that the Assyrians had formed roads, not only over the plains, but through the mountainous provinces of their dominions. Indeed, in the sculptures of Kouyunjik, both chariots and horsemen are seen crossing high

mountains. (Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii., p.348 et seq.; Nineveh and Babylon, p. 151.) It is probable, however, that such roads were upon a small scale, or having to be hewn in places in solid rock, we should have traces of them in the present day. As chariots were used in ancient times chiefly for war purposes, their action could be seldom confined to roads; and as to king's sacred chariots and processional chariots, it is easy to understand that their movements would be confined within a given area.

The Greeks and Romans had, as is well known, a great variety of chariots known as zeugos, raidon, rheda, currus, &c. ; and in the Roman times all the great cities were connected with each other by public highways, which,'in some cases. as in that of the highway from Jerusalem to Rome, computed by Gibbon as four thousand and eighty Roman miles in length, they only terminated with the frontiers of the empire. These public roads were accurately divided by milestones, and ran, as nearly as possible, in a direct line from one city to another, with very little respect for the obstacles either of nature or private property. Mountains were perforated, and bold arches thrown over the broadest and most rapid streams. The middle part of the road was, in favoured spots, raised into a terrace, which commanded the adjacent country, and consisted of several strata of sand, gravel, and cement, payed with large stones. Such was the solid construction of the Roman highways, that they have not entirely yielded to the effect of fifteen centuries, as may frequently be seen in Turkey in Asia, where the milestones are also still to be observed, standing more or less erect, in places, as more particularly in the valley of the Orontes.

The direction of, and extent of the Roman roads in Turkey in Asia are happily given in the Tabula Peutingeriana, which owes its name to a scholar and statesman of Augsburg, and is generally referred to the reign of Theodosius the Great, about A.D. 380. Hence it occasionally also bears the name of Tabula Theodosiana. Mannert, and others, however, place its construction under the reign of Alexander Severus, between A.D. 222 and 235. There is also the Itinerary of Antonine Augustus, the date of which is not known, but the work is obviously later than the Antonines.

These tables are invaluable in a certain sense, for such is the nature of the country, and so marked are the accidents of the soil, that in most cases, and in all important instances, as in the passes of mountains, the lines of road in Turkey in Asia, have remained the same from the most remote historical times. We have seen a remarkable instance of this in a pass through the Jebel Raiha, east of the Orontes, and going from Edlip to Armanas. The pass is carried through the hard limestone of the country; its base is very narrow, and the mules having had to follow the

same track for centuries upon centuries, their footmarks are from six inches to a foot in depth in solid marble.

We know from experience that too much reliance must not be placed upon the tradition of these Roman roads always following a strait line from one station to another. Relying upon this tradition, Mr. George Long, a well-known scholar, was lel to construct a map of Egypt, upon the data given by the tables, for the Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge, and it is almost needless to say that the map is useless The tables must be studied, as Colonel Leake did in Greece, upon the ground, and in connection with sites, when their position can be accurately determined. This being accomplished, some practical idea may be obtained of the lines of road, feasible or available in given districts. In few countries is greater attention requisite to what have been the ancient lines of communication, than in Turkey in Asia. The absence of such study, and the want of knowledge in the accidents of the soil, and the contrasted configuration of the country, lead to suggestions as to lines of road and railroad in the daily papers, and various publications, which are either utterly infeasible, or which would involve such stupendous and expensive engineering works as would appal a Croesus of Lydia, and that often when there is a comparatively open country within a short distance.

On the other hand, although the writer has travelled over 7000 miles on horseback and foot in Turkey in Asia, and over 3000 miles in steamers, he would still hesitate to give an opinion as to better lines not being discoverable if it was not for his belief in the identity of ancient and modern roads being due to the necessities of the soil, as best known to the dwellers in the land.

With the exception of a few railways and tramways begun, or in existence, in Turkey in Asia, almost the only wheeled vehicle known is the arabah, a rough kind of cart, generally drawn by oxen; the longest journey that we know of as performed-and that only in part-by this kind of conveyance, being the transport of the copper from the mines of Arghana, near Diyarbekir, to Tokat, a distance of over 200 miles as the crow flies, but over 250 miles by road; and so great are the difficulties, that it is only in certain places that arabahs can be used. The copper is transported this distance on account of the scarcity of fuel at Arghana and Kapan Maden; but it could be obtained in abundance much nearer, from the slopes of the Kara Bel. The rich iron mines of Divriki have an advantage in this respect.

Yet, after the introduction of those reforms-such as equality among religious persuasions, protection of the Christians, the abolition of financial peculation, a better system of police and in the administration of the ruling and judicial authorities, the