ECCLESIASTIC STATISTICS OF SWEDEN. SWEDEN, including Norway, is estimated to contain a superficies of about 343,000 square miles; and is, therefore, the largest kingdom of Europe except Russia but its total population not exceeding 4,000,000, renders it in point of strength, only the tenth in order of the European states. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden.

Religion in Sweden and Norway is by no means flourishing; though it is believed that there has been since the French war, and the settlement of the kingdom in 1814, a considerable increase of Scriptural knowledge among its population. Previously to the Reformation, Popery prevailed so that its priests had attained to the possession of most of the national wealth; and the episcopal revenues, which were regarded as sacred, equalled, or even exceeded those of the sovereign, the bishops possessing fortresses, by which they set at defiance the power of the king.

Gustavus Vasa Ericson, in exile, embraced the doctrines of Luther, and on his accession to the throne, in 1520, he patronised Olaus Petri and his brother Laurentius, who, with Lawrence Andreas, made a translation of the Holy Scriptures. After a public conference between two of the Protestant and Catholic leaders, Gustavus, at an assembly of the states in 1527, completed the establishment of the Reformation according to the Lutheran doctrines, retaining episcopacy under a reduced form, Laurentius Petri was appointed archbishop of Upsal. Besides the archbishop, whose revenue is reckoned at about 4001. per annum, this establishment has thir

VOL. V.

teen bishops. The parishes are 2537; the priests 1378 with 134 vicars, and 192 prepositi, or inspectors. Some parishes are 150 miles in extent. The diet of Stockholm, in 1779, granted toleration in religious worship to all strangers settling in Sweden, but leaves them incapable of public offices; and forbids the propagation of their opinions, or engaging in the education of children. The Catholics are under some restraints as to the publicity of their religious ceremonies. The union between Norway and Sweden, which took place in 1814, made no alteration in religion. On that occasion, marshal Bernadotte, one of Bonaparte's generals, who had been elected crown-prince and regent of Sweden, after the deposition of the king Gustavus IV., ascended the throne.

A Bible Society was formed at Stockholm in 1809, which was enlarged with several auxiliaries in 1814; and, by co-operation with the British and Foreign Bible Society; the Scriptures have been printed in the Swedish language and that of Lapland. The British system of education has been adopted by the Swedish government at Stockholm; and the nation is rapidly rising in intelligence and, it is hoped, pure Christianity. There is one custom in Sweden deserving of special notice; that is, the giving of Bibles to newly married persons among the poor, at the expense of the Swedish Bible Society!

STOCKHOLM.

Stockholm is situated at the junction of the lake Maelar with an inlet of the Baltic. It is generally described as standing on seven islands; but it may more properly be said to be built upon three, the

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other four smaller islands, or rather islets, contain only forts or buildings for naval purposes. The central island constituted the original city, and it is still the most busy part of the town; its quays being bordered by a stately row of buildings, the residences of the principal merchants.

Situated thus upon islands of huge rocks of granite, nothing can exceed the picturesque view from the buildings on the higher grounds; public edifices, churches, and spires, vessels lying at anchor, or with white sails spread to the wind, sailing along the capacious channals, all rise in mingled prospect; while the lake, studded with islands, some bare and craggy, others adorned with trees, gardens, and villas, melting blue into the distant horizon, or sinking below the shadow of the cloud-capped mountains, terminates the view.

Stockholm has the convenience of twelve bridges. The principal public edifices are the royal palace, the palace or house of assembling of the nobles during the sitting of the diet, the bank, the mint, the exchange, &c. &c. The royal palace is a quadrangular structure, with a square or court in the middle. Its situation is elevated; its dimensions of great magnitude, and the style of architecture such as to rank it with the finest palaces in Europe. The lower part of the walls is of polished granite, the upper part brick, but with a covering of stucco which gives it the appearance of stone. The roof, like that of a number of public buildings in Sweden, is of copper; and the interior is elegantly ornamented. In one of the halls are preserved relics of antiquity, brought from Italy by Gustavus III., comprising a number of statues; among others the famous Endymion, discovered in the villa Adriana. The palace for the assembling of the nobility is an elegant edifice, ornamented on the outside with marble statues and columns, and in the inside paintings and sculptures. The churches are substantial, and, in some cases, elegant buildings, generally with lofty spires. At a short distance from the royal palace, on one of the quays, stands a fine statue of Gustavus III. cast in bronze, and raised on a pedestal of polished porphyry.

Stockholm is the mercantile emporium of the central part of Sweden; and its harbour has depth and capacity for a thousand sail of shipping. Like London, it enjoys all the benefits of a sea-port, without being exposed to an attack at sea, as has been experienced in the present age by its rival, Copenhagen. Stockholm contains a population of about 80,000.

GENERAL STATISTICS OF SWEDEN.

Sweden is but very little known to the inhabitants of Great Britain: an account of its statistics and political economy, therefore, cannot but be interesting to our readers; and this we are enabled to give in detail at some length, from the pen of Mr. G. Stephens, land-drainer, Edinburgh, as contained in a recent number of the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture.

"The country stretches from 55° to 71° of north latitude, and contains about 170,192 square miles, whereof 21,912 are lakes, mosses, and morasses; 137,412 rock, natural wood, and barren land; 7,370 meadow and inclosed pasture; and 3,487 arable land. Immense tracts of morass, moss, and natural meadow, have of late years been improved, and nearly the whole is capable of improvement. The climate varies according to the latitude, the vicinity of the sea, and other circumstances; the greatest degree of heat at Stockholm on the 3rd July 1811, was 36° Celsius or 96° Fahrenheit, and of cold the 20th January, 1814, 32° Celsius, or 56° Fahrenheit below the freezing point.

Above the sixty-first degree, the quicksilver begins to freeze in severe winters, so that it is not possible to make observations with mercury any farther north. In the southern parts of the country, 500 feet of altitude above the sea is found to have the same effect on the climate and vegetation as 175 miles of north latitude, a thousand feet as 300 miles, and two thousand feet as 630 miles; this alteration, however, will be less the farther north we proceed.

At Torneä the longest day is 21 hours, at Stockholm 18 hours, and at Lund in Scania 17 hours 28 minutes; from the top of a hill near Over Torneä, the sun in clear weather at Midsummer is seen above the horizon for several days without setting. Many travellers visit that place merely to witness such a glorious sight, but it sometimes happens that they are obliged to retrace their steps without being able to accomplish their object, on account of the weather being thick and hazy. The medium quantity of rain that has fallen annually during the last thirty-six years has been 17 decimal inches, which circumstance alone is sufficient to shew that the climate is much more dry than in Britain, and consequently a great deal warmer. In the province of Scania, grapes, mulberries, sweet chesnuts, walnuts, and melons, ripen in the open air; apples, pears, plums, and cherries, as far north as the 63°; gooseberries, and many other kinds of berries, several degrees farther.

"The population of Sweden in 1751 was 1,785,727, and in 1830 was 2,904,588. There are eighty-four towns. Stockholm, the capital, has a population of 80,000; Gottenburgh 26,700; and the remainder a total number of 172,945.

"There are two Universities, the one at Upsal the other at Lund. In 1830, the number of students was 2085, which is considerably more compared with the number of inhabitants than in any other country. The Swedish people, at the making of the diet in 1828, was represented by 492 nobles, 57 clergy, 47 of the trades' members, and 122 peasants.

"Each nobleman has a vote in his own right, the other members are chosen by their constituents, each class being bound to pay their representatives' expenses during the meeting. The diet meets every

fifth year.

"

The standing army consists of 2580 artillery, 4705 cavalry, and 25,409 infantry; total, 32,694. Each soldier has a house, barn, cow-house, and six acres of land. Besides the above army, every male person between twenty and twenty-five years of age, is regularly exercised about three weeks every year during the above period, and is liable to be called into active service in case of war; this class amounts 106,603, making the whole disposable force of Sweden alone 139,294, and 23,205 sailors and sea-marines. Norway 12,000.

"The fleet consists of ten ships of the line, thirteen frigates, and 524 other armed vessels.

"No man is admitted into the standing army or navy unless he can produce a good character from the clergyman of the parish to which he belongs; by which regulation there are fewer depredations committed by the Swedish soldiers both at home and in foreign countries than in any other army.

"In a financial and civil point of view, Sweden is divided into twenty-four governments (Läns), each län into districts (härads) and parishes, and each parish into farms (hemmans), which are again subdivided into three-fourths, halves, quarters, and sixteenth parts, and even less. A hemman, however, has no fixed quantity of land; it may contain a hundred acres or as many thousands; for example, a three-eighth part of a hemman in the province of

Wermland, called Aspeberget, contains 33,770 acres. There are 66,441 hemmans, and 187,526 small possessions, which do not belong to any hemman. Each hemman and small possession is subjected to a landtax of two dollars for every portion of land, mill, or saw-work, worth a thousand dollars-the value is fixed yearly by a committee appointed in each parish by the governor. Besides the land-tax, landed property is subjected to several others, such as keeping in repair a certain portion of the public roads, sending horses to the different post-houses at certain times for the conveniency of travellers, providing of soldiers, tithe, &c.; the whole taxes on a hemman worth 6000 dollars is about 180 dollars yearly. A person receiving a salary of 600 dollars a year pays a tax of 1 per cent.; from 600 to 1200, 2 per cent.; and above 1200, 3 per cent. Every male person from seventeen years to sixty pays about sixteen pence, and every female half that sum yearly.

"In 1805, the quantity of all kinds of grain sown in Sweden was 1,141,000 tunnor (each tunna is nearly 4 bushels), which gave, after the seed corn was deducted, 4,564,000; the same year 90,000 tunnor of potatoes were planted, which gave 360,000: and in 1828, 1,469,000 tunnor of grain were sown, which gave 6,499,000; the same year 460,000 tunnor of potatoes were planted, which gave 3,248,000.

"During the same period the population increased 18 per cent., and the production of grain 42 per

cent.

"Through the great improvements in agriculture during the last thirty years, the Swedes have become exporters of grain to a considerable extent. In 1828, they exported to the value of 961,800 dollars; and, as seven-ninths of the population are engaged in the cultivation of the soil, there can be little doubt many times that value will be exported within a few years.

"Every proprietor and occupier of land has a right to distil spirits; the size of still and the amount of duty depending on the value of the property. In 1829 there were 167,744 stills going, which were calculated to make within the year 30,000,000 gallons, worth as many rixdollars, and pay a duty of 434,396 dollars, a little more than a farthing a gallon.

"In a moral point of view one would be apt to believe that the cheapness of spirits would have a powerful effect in corrupting the morals of the people, which no doubt sometimes is the case; but, taking the people generally, it is not the case; for during the whole of my residence in that country, I have seen only two intoxicated women, and one of them came from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. In 1832, I was at Carlstadt market, when at least 10,000 people were collected from all quarters within 100 miles, besides many from Norway; but in that multitude I did not see a single person that was the worse of liquor. Every person found drunk is fined three dollars, or sent to the house of correction for a certain number of days to work.

"The ground capital of Sweden is 378,644,919 dollars, and the whole of the taxes on land amount to 20 millions, of which only about 10 millions go out in cash; the other part forming the rent of the crown-lands in possession of the military, and other officers of the state, and the clergy.

"The whole production of the soil will amount to 45 millions of dollars. The iron-works produce 10 millions of dollars; other manufactures, 8; commerce, fisheries, and forests, 20; which give a total of 83 millions of dollars.

"The mercantile concerns of Sweden are by no means in a flourishing state, which the following ex

"The great difference between the export and import of 1826 and 1827, was owing to the failure of the crop in 1826, when 315,470 tunnor of grain were obliged to be imported in 1827; but in 1828, there was grain exported to the value of 961,800 dollars; but there are no reasons given why the import of 1829 exceeded the exports by 3,702,988 dollars. Bonded goods are not included in the above calculations. Foreign vessels were employed in the export trade to the amount of 3,188,518 dollars, and in the import trade, of 5,222,254.

Although the above calculations show a considerable column against the trade of the country, yet the home manufactures are considerably improved; for, according to the report of the College of Commission, to his majesty, in 1829, great improvement has taken place in the manufacture of every kind of goods. In 1828, the value of manufactured goods was 7,915,089 dollars, and the following year they amounted to 8,499,658. The home manufacture of nearly all description of goods, is very extensively carried on; but more particularly of linen, in the province of West Norland, where alone there was manufactured, in 1828, 109,628 yards, for which a premium of 3,497 dollars was given by the government. Nearly every family not only makes its own linen, but the most of the peasants build their houses, make their cloth, shoes, and the wood-work of their agricultural implements; bake their own bread, brew their beer, make the malt, kill their own meat, and, in fact, almost every thing belonging to housekeeping is prepared at home, which makes that department very difficult to be undertaken by foreigners. The long winter also obliges them to preserve large quantities of fruit and vegetables, which in general are very good. As I have before mentioned, the summers are generally very warm and dry, which causes all kind of fruit to ripen in the open air much better than they do in this country.

"To encourage the improvement of the woollen manufactures, the Swedish government is making every exertion for the introduction of the Saxony breed of fine-woolled sheep into the country; and for this purpose, a person well acquainted with the habits and management of that breed, is engaged to make a general survey to ascertain the estates which are best adapted for making the experiment on, and also the number of proprietors who are willing to keep such sheep, and to report his opinions to the College of Commerce.

The more effectually to secure the success of this new branch of rural economy in Sweden, a wool market was established in 1832 at Norköping, the principal manufacturing town, under the patronage of the College of Commerce, with a fund at the disposal of the college, to enable it to advance money on any quantity of wool which may not be sold on the market-day, in order that the producers may be able to keep it till a favourable opportunity offers for its disposal. The market is held in the end of July, aud is attended by the principal land proprietors who have sheep. One lot of wool, in 1832, brought 6s. per Swedish pound, of about fourteen English ounces, but the average price was from 3s. 6d. to 4s. The quantity offered at the market last year was

100,000 pounds, which brought about the same prices; but the quantity is now increasing so rapidly, that the market will soon be overstocked for home consumption.

"From the above statements it will be seen that the Swedish government have done much within the last thirty years for the improvement of husbandry in all its branches, and that its endeavours have been amply rewarded by success; but there is still scope for increased exertion, as, wherever the traveller turns his eyes, there are to be seen large tracts of unimproved land, which, if cultivated, would not only render the climate more salubrious, but would produce a sufficient quantity of grain and live stock to maintain thrice the number of the present inhabitants in Sweden."

THE RELIGIOUS OBLIGATIONS OF

PARENTS.

IN considering this subject it would not be irrelevant to refer to the proof which the social organization furnishes of the wisdom, as well as the benevolence of God. It is easily seen that whilst such an arrangement seems indispensable to the happiness of man, it appears to be no less essential in effecting the great moral designs of the Creator. It accomplishes the former purpose by its coincidence with the affections of human nature; whilst to promote the latter and supreme object, it furnishes the best mode and and the best security for the transmission and maintenance of the Divine authority.

But in inviting the attention of Christian parents to the contemplation of what is deemed their positive duty, we shall postpone the argument drawn from the constitution of society, until we have looked at the expression of the Divine will as made known by revelation, and exemplified in the history of the

race.

At the calling of Abraham is dated the commencement of the formal recognition of a portion of mankind as the church of God. In looking at its constitution, we see at once, that the children of the faithful are prominently included in the covenant made with their fathers, and that its blessings are expressly entailed upon them. "I will establish my covenant between me and thee, and thy seed after thee, in their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee and thy seed after thee" (Gen. xvii. 7). The condition of the blessing uniformly was, "thou shalt keep my covenant; thou and thy seed after thee, in their generations" (Gen. xvii. 9); always implying that their duty to God, and their interest in the engagement with Abraham, was to be the subject of instruction of one generation to the succeeding. So, it was on the ground of this confidence in the faithfulness of the original party to the covenant, that the Lord condescended to impart to Abraham his secret counsels respecting the destruction of the cities of the plain : “For I know him that he will command his children, and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may bring upon Abraham that which he hath spoken of him" (Gen. xviii. 19). The expectation then, that the Divine precepts would be transmitted and perpetuated by the faithful instruction of the children, was part of the arrangement on which the Almighty based his purpose of blessing his people; a purpose extending far onward to the end of the human family, and embracing all those, who being "Christ's," are "Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise" (Gal. iii. 29).

To make this obligation still more impressive and

memorable, the Lord established a solemn rite, which was made obligatory, under the most fearful penalties, on every parent. This law required him to present his male offspring in an early period of existence to receive the token of its connexion with the promise. (Gen. xvii. 10-14.) Thus was established an ordinance with the express object of keeping in mind the conditions on which all the advantages of the Divine favour are suspended, and appealing to the duty of the father to insure their performance. How wise the device! how doubly dear its perpetuation in the Christian form!

The proposal to the father of the faithfnl was repeated in the same terms, to his lineal descendants, at Gerar and Bethel (Gen. xxvi. 3—5); and the title by which Jehovah announced himself to the nation, after this distinct engagement with the representatives of three successive descents, is strongly characteristic of the nature of the constitution, "THE LORD GOD OF YOUR FATHERS, THE GOD OF ABRAHAM, AND THE GOD OF ISAAC, AND THE GOD OF JACOB. This is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations" (Exod. iii. 15).

At the next great epoch in the history of Israel, on the eve of their release from Egypt, and when they were about to resume their national and eccleclestical existence, the family character of their religion was again signally marked. The passover was directed to be observed in each household, and a special command given that the ceremony should be explained to the children. (Exod. xii. 1-28.) The peculiar devotion and redemption of the first-born was also required from every parent, to commmorate the same event, and thus another occasion was furnished for teaching the children their obligations to the God of Israel. (Exod. xiii. 11-15).

When the tribes had arrived at the end of their forty years' pilgrimage, and Moses was to be left to die on the borders of their inheritance, he reviewed before them the history of their trials. In the prospect of their separation, the venerable leader enjoined on the people obedience to the law of God, and the preservation of his worship. "Take heed," said he," to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen, and lest they depart from thy heart all the days of thy life." And as the surest means of averting the result, he adds, "but teach them to thy sons, and thy son's sons" (Deut. iv. 9). He then rehearsed to the tribes the precepts of the decalogue, and with the solicitude of one who had so memorable an experience of their liability to forget God, solemnly repeated his instructions that these commandments should be faithfully transmitted from generation to generation; "and thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up" (Deut. vi. 7). And this was not merely for a memorial of an historical event, but when their children should inquire into the meaning of "the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which the Lord our God hath commanded," they were to be taught, in connexion with the history of the deliverance of their fathers from Egypt, that "the Lord commanded us to do all these statutes, to fear the Lord our God, for our good always, that he might preserve us alive, as it is this day; and it shall be our righteousness, if we observe to do all these commandments before the Lord our God, as he hath commanded us" (Deut. vi. 20--25). And thus Moses commanded that all Israel should be assembled at the feast of tabernacles, to hear the law "that they

may learn, and fear the Lord your God, and observe to do all the words of this law, and that their children which have not known any thing may hear and learn to fear the Lord your God" (Deut. xxxi. 10-13, and see ver. 19-21). One of the national poets celebrates this statute, in opening an exhortation which may be regarded as a specimen of the pious instruction of the age, "Give ear, O my people, to my law; incline your ears to the words of my mouth. I will open my mouth in a parable; I will utter dark sayings of old, which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told as. We will not hide them from their children, showing to the generation to come the praises of the Lord, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done. For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children; that the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children, that they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his commandments, and might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation, a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not steadfast with God" (Psalm lxxviii. 1-8).

Thus it appears evident that the Hebrew parents were held under a moral and positive obligation to teach their children fully, constantly and practically the laws of God, and the history of their people as illustrative of the consequences of fidelity or disobedience, and that this mode of transmission was adopted as the most natural method of preserving the religion of Sinai. That this instruction was expected to be something more than a matter of mere rote, is clear from the spirit of the latter quotations. That it was thus understood, is exemplified in several particular instances. David not only assured his son of prosperity if he should take heed to fulfil the statutes and judgments which the Lord charged Moses with concerning Israel (1 Chron, xxii. 13), but added this solemn admonition, "and thou Solomon my son, know thou the God of thy father, and serve him with a perfect heart and with a willing mind; for the Lord searcheth all hearts, and understandeth all the imaginations of the thoughts; if thou seek him, he will be found of thee; but if thou forsake him, he will cast thee off for ever" (I[Chron. xxviii. 9). Nor did the anxious monarch leave the vain warning without supplicating the "Lord God of Abraham, Isaac, and of Israel," to give his beloved successor a perfect heart" to keep the commandments of the Most High. (1 Chron. xxix. 18, 19.) Solomon has made an immortal record of the faithfulness of his father, and given an epitome of his lessons of wisdom (Prov. iv.): and it was with a vivid impression of the effect of parental fidelity that he wrote "train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it" (Prov. xxii. 6). The history of Samuel, and of Eli, also stands forth in Contemporaneous history, as if to show by contrast the results of parental fidelity and parental neglect. (1 Sam. i. 26-28, and iii. 12-14.)

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There has been but one system of religion revealed to man. The mode of its external organization has been different, but the Mosaic and Christian theology are one. Moral obligation is unaltered, and the principles of human nature remain the same. The old dispensation was immature Christianity the Gospel is its consummation. The rule of transmitting this religion when first revealed to men, therefore required no republicatiou. The provision for its propagation was not limited to the patriarchs,

:

or to Israel. It looked forward to all who are blessed in Abraham, and the same natural principles which secured its operation whilst the Jew was the depositary of the law of God, insured its perpetuity when the Gentiles were admitted to the inheritance. It could not, therefore, be repealed without altering the characteristics of man, and changing the plan of the divine government. Besides, such an admission would annul the precepts of inspiration in the Old Testament, which enforce the parental duty as one of immutable obligation. As Prov. xxii. 6; xxix. 17, &c. We do not mean to argue that the accom. plishment of the divine purposes was dependant on the traditionary effect of this instruction, but that it was the evident design of God so to incorporate this duty with the domestic obligations, as to make it the ordinary channel of the blessings of the covenant.

Accordingly, we find that the church of Christ, like its type, receives its members as infants, and acknowledges them as her children. The same duties of instruction and example are implied, as the obligation not only of the church but of the parents. All that is tender in natural affection gives force to the duty as a result of faith in the Gospel. Does the parent believe that if his child is spared to the age of moral responsibility, repentance and faith alone can bring him within the promise of mercy, and will not nature bind him to the duty of training his child in such a manner as to afford the strongest ground of hope that his soul will yield that faith and repentance? Does the parent feel bound to glorify God by bringing the impenitent within the means of grace, and will he overlook his own offspring? Does he feel his solemn responsibility to improve every means and opportunity of imparting a Christian influence, and shall not his own household be the first to feel its power? Above all, if he is actuated by love to Christ, enjoys the peace which it imparts, and is prompted by the holy zeal which it inspires, he will need no penal statute to drive him to the duty of striving to bring his own children to the enjoyment of the same gracious hope.

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The primitive Christians rejoiced to know that the promise was to them and to their children" (Acts ii. 39) and that as they were "Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise" (Gal. iii. 29): their offspring, like his, were interested in the covenant and entitled to its seal. They asked for no positive command requiring them to offer their children for baptism. They could not have reconciled the exclusion of their offspring from the Christian church with the provision which admitted them into the Jewish. They did not believe in such an inconsistency. As a matter of course it would follow that the same kind of instruction required by the Mosaic law should be continued, with the assistance of the light revealed in the Gospel. "Bring them up," said the apostle, "in the nurture and admonition of the Lord" (Ephes. vi. 4): a precept full of significancy, meaning literally, nourish them in the discipline and instruction of the Christian religion. The exemplification of it is furnished by the same apostle, when speaking with confidence of the "unfeigned faith," of his disciple, he refers to the piety of his two maternal ancestors, and afterwards to his early instruction in religion, implying that it was to parental care, that from a child" he had "known the Holy Scriptures," not only as an intellectual acqui. sition, but as able to make him "wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus." (Comp. 2 Tim. i. 5, and iii. 15.) Timothy had been educated according to the injunctions of Moses; the Scriptures which he had learned were those of the Old Testa

ment, and it was that knowledge, perfected by faith