From The Saturday Review. A YEAR or two ago we reviewed an account, of which Mr. Dunlop was the author, of the services against the Indian mutineers of a corps of volunteer cavalry called the Khakee Ressalah. Since the publication of that volume its author has returned to England, and has thrown considerable light on the training which qualified him for his military duties. He had for many years pursued the large game of the Indian forests and jungles, and in shooting tigers and wild elephants had acquired a familiarity both with personal danger and with the use of arms, especially firearms, which proved singularly useful at a time when every man had to defend his life sword in hand. Several books upon Indian field sports have been published during the last few months, and they convey a sufficiently clear notion of the sort of incidents by which they are usually characterized to justify Mr. Dunlop in departing from the common practice of filling his pages with anecdotes of the various animals which he has killed at different times, and in giving a far larger proportion of collateral information about the scenes of his exploits and their inhabitants, human and animal, than is at all common with the authors of sporting books. His work contains a good deal of interesting information upon these subjects, which, whether new or not, is certainly curious and amusing. Two or three years ago, Mr. Charles Reade, in a novel called Cream, exposed the character of elephants, which had usually been supposed to be models of all the milder virtues. Mr. Reade's elephant was a paragon of treachery and cruelty. To some extent, Mr. Dunlop's information confirms this view. It appears that there is a whole class of elephants, called by the natives Khunnees, or murderers, from their habitual crimes. They are regarded with the greatest possible dread, and are so common that the appearance of a herd of wild elephants throws the natives into a state of "abject terror." They are usually males, and are particularly dangerous when they are under the influence of sexual passion. At such periods, they sometimes kill all they meet or can catch for a week or two, becoming, however, quiet and comparatively harmless when they return to their sober senses." Some elephants, however, are apparently cruel and treacherous at all times. One elephant crushed a Hunting in the Himalaya. With Notices of Customs and Countries from the Elephant Haunts of the Dehra Doon to the Bunchowr Tracks in Eternal Snow. By R. H. W. Dunlop, C.B., Author of Adventure with the Khakee Ressalah." London: Bentley. 1860. letter-carrier "from mere wantonness and cruelty." Another treated a woman in the same way "from some unaccountable love of mischief," and after doing so, "went on wagging his ears and drinking, as if his little practical joke had been a harmless freak of fancy." This exploit was announced to Mr. Dunlop by a native writer as follows: by sudden motion of snout and foot, kill one "This morning the elephant of Major R—, old woman. Instant fear fall on the inhabitants. I have the honor to be, sir, Your most obedient servant." The worst of these stories, however, is one of an elephant which caught a native laborer round his chest with his trunk, putting its foot on his legs, by which means it literally tore him in two, leaving one half twenty paces from the other. Some of these animals obtain considerable local reputation. One of them, called Gunesh, belonged to the commissariat, and, having killed his keeper, escaped to the jungle with a piece of chain attached to his leg, by which, as well as by the fact that the tips of his tusks have been sawn off, he is identified. In the course of fifteen years he is said to have killed fifteen people. Though well known, he has evaded pursuit during this long period, as he has a range of many hundred miles of uninterrupted forest and jungle to roam in at the foot of the Himalayas. The morals of elephants amongst themselves are not more free from reproach than their behavior towards human beings. The females are employed to ensnare the males, and do so with wonderful cunning and dexterity. They "move up by quiet advances" to the males, stare at them "in respectful admiration," stroke, and in the fashion of elephants, kiss them with the end of their trunks; and when by these endearments they have thrown their victims into the proper state of blind confidence, they tie their legs with ropes, coiling them neatly in a figure of 8, and occasionally going so far as to hitch the end of the rope to the last loop, so as to make all fast. A less unamiable illustration of the intelligence of elephants is to be found in the dexterity with which they avail themselves of the assistance offered them when they get into difficulties. The commonest disaster which befalls ele phants is that of getting bogged. This often happens in beating a jungle for tigers, when the elephants are obliged to keep in line, and so are prevented from avoiding bogs as they do in a wild state. When the accident occurs, every one present helps to cut down boughs of trees, which are handed to the elephant, who, without further assistance or explanation, pushes the branches under his feet as fast as he gets them, "moving his fired two bullets in such a manner that the trunk about with nervous rapidity to seize lead, by spreading, might cut the comb from the supports as fast as they can be brought." the rock. The comb came down with imIf the supply is abundant enough, he soon makes himself a causeway to the bank. If sufficient wood is not at hand, he sinks by degrees under the bog; and "the last that is seen of him is the end of his trunk, which he holds up, with its curious little digit finger catching for breath, until it also is swallowed up." Mr. Dunlop's acquaintance with tigers is less extensive than with elephants. He mentions, however, one or two singular points about them. He says that a tiger "will strike down a bullock with a blow from its paw. It will then carry off the body, seizing it as a cat would a mouse, and, raising itself to its full height by straightening its limbs, will, without any apparent exertion, walk away, scarcely allowing the legs to trail on the ground." It is almost impossible to prevent the natives from disfiguring the skins of dead tigers, by cutting off the whiskers and claws. The whiskers are cut off as a deadly insult-the claws in order to be used as charms. Mr. Dunlop is obviously a keen observer, and has contrived to pick up a curious collection of miscellaneous facts of more or less interest. Thus the preternatural rapidity with which carrion attracts vultures has frequently been noticed, and has usually been attributed to an extraordinary keenness of scent. Mr. Dunlop gives a much more probable account of the matter. Vultures are constantly wheeling far up out of sight in the sky; they have a very keen sight, and the instant that any one changes his idle wheel for a fixed course towards an object, every vulture in sight follows him. "The most distant of them has others, again, more distant to follow him, and thus the fact of food to eat is telegraphed for hundreds of miles." A singular annoyance of which Mr. Dunlop, like other Indian sportsmen, has had some experience, is found in the land leeches, which infest both the grass and the jungles in most parts of India. They are extremely small, and swarm up the trousers and down the stockings of those who explore their haunts, gorging themselves with blood before they are discovered, as their bite is scarcely perceptible. They have a special taste for the nostrils of dogs, in which they live safely, and apparently happily, till the masters of the animals can dislodge them with pincers-an operation which produces a loud yelp from the victim. One of the singular productions of the Indian jungles is poisonous honey. Mr. Dunlop once met with a large honeycomb attached to an overhanging rock, at which he mense quantities of honey, which the coolies greedily devoured, speedily becoming absurdly drunk in consequence. The villagers who had looked on at the whole proceeding, closed it by observing that they only used the honey for medicine. The most interesting part of Mr. Dunlop's book is that which refers to the Himalayas. On one occasion, shortly after the suppression of the mutiny, he made a journey across the mountains into Thibet. He had the good fortune to shoot a bunchowr, or wild yak-a sort of mountain ox, the existence of which in a wild state had previously been somewhat doubtful; and he made expeditions the descriptions of which must excite the envy and admiration of the members of the Alpine Club. Some of the passes are upwards of 18,000 feet in height, and are much used for traffic. The upper part of them is covered with perpetual snow, and fatal accidents constantly happen there. Large numbers of traders annually lose their lives in the passage, and as there is a superstitious notion that it is unlucky to meddle with their property, it lies there from year to year till it becomes worthless. Mr. Dunlop himself nearly lost his life on a pass called the Chou Hoti. His party got upon a surface of snow which the coolies considered too soft to venture upon! so they sat down and cried, and would have sat there till they were frozen to death, if Mr. Dunlop had not belabored them into activity with his alpen-stock. On the Thibet side of the mountains he saw a good deal of a tribe of wandering traders, called the Hunnias. They travel over enormous distances, living upon buck tea, which is "brought from China packed in lumps, which are composed of the coarsest leaves, twigs, seeds, etc., of the tea, pressed by weights into lumps, and sometimes rendered more adhesive by a slight admixture of the serum of sheep's blood." Upon this they can perform immense journeys for long periods of time. When cooked, it makes a kind of soup containing a great deal of nourishment. Mr. Dunlop gives many particulars about the cultivation of tea in the Himalayas, and the prospects which the large amount of unoccupied land, and the conditions on which it is let out by government, hold out for the profitable investment of capital. His calculation is that, with proper energy, it would be easy to make cent. per cent. per annum in the trade, and that this would leave the planter at leisure during the whole interval between September and April. Another opening which Mr. Dunlop points out for trade is found in the Himalayan wool, which is called pushum, observations on the habits of the hill tribes. and is "of exquisite fineness, far surpassing in quality, though not in length of staple, any of the wools of Europe." It grows not only on the sheep, but on the shawl-goat and even the dogs and wolves. Mr. Dunlop considers that, as an article of commerce, it would be as valuable as alpaca.. Notwithstanding his views as to the openings afforded by the Himalayas for commerce, Mr. Dunlop does not think that European colonization, even in the mountains would be possible. Ordinary laborers would be undersold by the natives, and ordinary agricultural operations are out of the 'question. Mr. Dunlop made some curious Polyandry prevails amongst some of them, and he observed that, where this was the case, there was a great preponderance of male over female births. In one village he found four hundred boys to one hundred and twenty girls, though infanticide was unknown. In another village, where polygamy was practised, he found a surplus of female children. We must conclude our remarks on this curious and observant book by noticing Mr. Dunlop's statement that the plague prevails extensively in some villages of the Himalayas, and that he personally treated one case successfully by means of hydropathy. "RIDE" OR "DRIVE."-The question is a little difficult, and only to be solved by "Usus Quem penes arbitrium est et jus et norma loquendi." to drive But you can scarcely say correctly "I am going -Notes and Queries. FORTY YEARS AGO a Freshman in like cir• cumstances at Oxford was always asked, "Do you know Jenkins?" to which he generally replied, "What Jenkins?" He was again asked, "Jenkins of Worcester," or any other college. "No; what of him?"-"Oh! poor fellow, it was a shocking thing, but you know they hanged him!"-"Hanged him?"-"Yes! they strung him in the middle of a wine party.". up what for?"-"Why for stopping the bottle?" -Notes and Queries. J. P. O. 'But THE FUTURE OF THE FASHIONS. THERE was a time when girls wore hoops of steel, And with gray powder used to drug their hair, Bedaubed their cheeks with rouge: white lead, or meal, Whereof by contrast to enhance the grace, With waists girt round the shoulder-blades, and Now pointed at the prior finery, And now they wear hoops also, as before. Young bucks and beauties, ye who now deride Then on your present portraits youth will From The Press. jurisdiction. In the midst of the discussion The Luck of Ladysmede. In Two Vols. hence provoked, William of Longchamp, the London: W. Blackwood and Sons. De Regent, unexpectedly arrives, and calls the whole case before his supreme tribunal. The "THE Luck of Ladysmede" is reprinted main question at issue is De Burgh's authorfrom Blackwood's Magazine, where it has al- ity over the child, and against his affirmation ready in its serial form, attracted marked the Italian priest produces a lady, pale, worn, attention. In his choice of an epoch the au- and yet beautiful, who announces herself as thor has shown both discernment and daring. the little one's mother, and declares that his England under Richard the First was, pre- father, and her husband, is Sir Nicholas le eminently, in that state of social chaos which Hardi. This revelation, of course, alters gives to the invention of the historical novel- the relative position of all parties. ist powers pretty well discretionary. Might Burgh sees his projects about to be defeated; and right, selfishness and enthusiasm, held Sir Nicholas stands confessed a false and divided empire over the sullen distracted traitor knight, and Gladice turns from his land, and no incident could be too romantic, suit with horror. But matters have gone no act too adventurous, no character too too far for retreat, and the foiled intriguers exalté, to find a place in its possible annals. determine to win by force what fraud has But, on the other hand, the ground was al- missed procuring them. Here the most exready so pre-occupied as almost to deprive citing part of the plot begins, and for this the satisfied imagination of all wish to see of which no brief sketch can give any adeit otherwise encroached upon. "Ivanhoe " quate idea-we must again refer the reader gleams across the dreary waste of interven- to the book itself. All, of course, ends haping chivalrous romances with a clear bril- pily for those who merit happiness, and vice liancy which threatens certain eclipse to all versa. The Lady Gladice is rescued by her competitors; and it is very high praise to uncle, William of Longchamp, from the persay that the "Luck of Ladysmede" enchains ils which beset her, and marries her cousin, us with its lifelife pictures in spite of the Waryn Foliot-who, at once intellectual and surging reminiscences of Scott and the warn- chivalrous, seems to typify the dawn of a ing phantoms of James. "Ladysmede" is higher order of civilization. Sir Nicholas le the dower of a fair orphan, the Lady Gladice Hardi turns out to be even worse than he Foliot, whose hand her guardian, Miles de had seemed. Richard's rescript was a forgBurgh, a fierce, violent, but daring charac- ery, and the monies collected on it were dester, such as the age must have plentifully tined for purposes of treason. The mysteproduced, has promised to Sir Nicholas le rious boy is not the son of Sir Nicholas, but Hardi, for certain considerations which must of De Burgh's eldest brother, supposed to be learned from the book itself. This Sir be dead but really living, and active under Nicholas is a gay and handsome knight, just a disguise, in Gladice's defence. This child, returned from Palestine with a rescript from therefore, is the true heir to the property, Richard of the Lion Heart authorizing him and hence the durance in which his traitorto levy monies for the holy cause on all the ous uncle strove to keep him. One of the religious houses of the kingdom. His gal- most conspicuous characters of the book is lant bearing, stately presence, and, above the Italian priest, Giacomo, whose complicall, his exhaustless anecdotes of crusading ity extends through the whole chain of its inadventure, exercise considerable fascination cidents, and who, introducing into the story on the Lady Gladice, and for a time her an element more intellectually refined, helps guardian's scheme promises to be crowned us to a readier sympathy with the scenes and with unresisted success. But obstacles soon personages around. Giacomo, indeed, may spring up. In the castle of the De Burgh possibly be got up a little too much in the lives scarce seen, a little boy, presumed to modern style. The mysterious, subtle, acbe the lord of the castle's ward. An Italian complished, and unscrupulous Italian of the priest, who has special charge of this child, Radcliffe type scarcely belongs to the social ultimately carries him off in secret, and places phenomena of the twelfth century, and it him under the protection of the good Abbot may be doubted whether an ecclesiastic, of of Rivelsby. De Burgh, furious, demands that period would be able to speak any lanthe boy's restitution, and summons the re- guage distinguishably "Italian." Waryn calcitrant abbot to answer for his conduct Foliot's extension of his chivalrous ægis over before the tribunal over which he himself the half-savage and repulsively ugly wife of a presides as sheriff. Yielding to superior serf, looks, too, rather anachronistic. Ivanforce, the ecclesiastic obeys the summons, hoe, it is true, is represented to us as doing but refuses, in virtue of the charters held battle for a Jewess, but then, that Jewess by his abbey, to acknowledge the court's was Rebecca! Hypercriticism, however, would be ill-applied where so much conspic- | his various characters, spite of quaint phrauous merit shines forth. The author of the seology and antique garb, which reminds us "Luck of Ladysmede" possesses that most more directly of Scott,-not as an imitation, valuable element of creative power, object- but as a parallel,-than any thing we ever ivity, to a very rare degree. În this respect remember to have met with. We should be his book stands in conspicuous contrast greatly surprised if this really remarkable with the great bulk of contemporary fiction. book does not establish a remarkable repuThere is a local truthfulness in his coloring, tation. a perfectly unstrained action and passion in TEMPLES: CHURCHES, WHY SO CALLED.A correspondent has asked why the word temple is appropriated in Roman Catholic countries to the place in which Protestant worship is performed, and quotes the History of the Republic of Holland of 1705, in illustration of his meaning The Archduke Mathias alluded to in this quotation I suppose is he who was elected emperor in 1612. At that period the word was in common use, not simply by Protestants in Roman Catholic countries, but specially, and almost alone, by the "Reformed" as distinct from the Lutherans. For reasons which I can easier guess than find stated, Calvin and his followers seem to have preferred the word temple as the proper designation of a place of worship. Thus in the Institutes (lib. iii. cap. 20, sec. 30, ed. in French, 1562), Calvin says, "Now since God has ordained to all his people to pray in common, it is also required, that in order to do this, there should be temples set apart," etc. So also in the Commentary on the Gospels (French ed., 1563), he says in the preface, which is dated 1555, that at Zurich the refugees from Locarno were not only received and permitted to exercise their religion, "but also a temple was assigned them." The preference of Calvin was adopted by his followers, but the Lutherans retained the use of the word church. I give an example from Musculus, who published his Loci Communes in 1560, of which I quote the English version (ed. 1563, fol. 254): "It agreeth better with the nature of the New Testament, that the place wherein the people vseth to repayre together, shoulde bee called the Churche, than to geue it the magnificall title of Tempels emonge Christian men." The Calvinists seem to have called their places of worship temples because they called the congregation the church, and wished to make a distinction. Another reason perhaps was that the Catholics termed the building a church. They remembered also that the Jewish sanctuary was called a temple. They knew too that the ancient church had applied the word temple to places of Christian worship. Examples of this may be found in Suicer, s. v. vaòs. The later Greeks adopted the word réurhov, and the modern Greek church uses the word vaòç of a portion of the church. Among the Latins the word templum seems at first to have been distasteful, but was afterwards used, as may be easily shown; e.g., the Second Council of Nicea, can. vii.: been consecrated without the relics of martyrs, "Therefore whatever temples (templa) have in them we ordain the deposition of relics with the usual prayers. And he who consecrates a temple (templum) without holy relics, let him be deposed." Among the Syrians the haiclo or temple was that elevated portion of the church which is elevated by two or three steps, and accessible only to the priests. In a Jewish Synagogue the haicel or temple is the body of the building, just as the vaòc in the Greek churches, the heicel or temple, in the churches of Abyssinia, and the nave of churches among ourselves. In reference to this word nave, there seems to be good reason for believing that it etymologically signifies a temple; and rather comes from the Greek vade than the Latin navis. Even the general term temple has been consecrated among us to all time by the genius of George Herbert. These remarks have been made merely to show that the peculiar practice of our Reformed neighbors, is not peculiar, but in harmony with the customs of all churches and of all times. It is possible that the word chapel would have been adopted, but for the fact that its uses among the Roman Catholics are some of them very repulsive to Protestant feeling; as, for instance, when it is applied to images inserted in the niche of a wall, or set up at the corner of a field, oftentimes from very superstitious motives.-Notes and Queries. B. H. C. THOMAS FULLER, M.D.-Who was the Thomas Fuller, M.D. to whom we owe the mass of proverbial philosophy contained in "Introductio ad Prudentiam; or, Directions, Counsels, and Cautions. 12mo. 2 vols. 172627, and Gnomologia, Adagies, etc., etc. 12mo. J. O. 1732?"-Notes and Queries. [Thomas Fuller was an English physician of some repute in the early part of the last century. He studied at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1681; after which he settled at Sevenoaks, in Kent, and died there on Sept. 17, 1734, in the eighty-first year of his age.-Nichols' Literary Anec. i. 370. |