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help herself, much more the pope; and Victor Emmanuel alone, with his constitutional statesmen, is offering a future to the pontificate-a great, independent, spiritual episcopacy of Europe, relieved from temporal responsibility, and rendered compatible with progress.

the caliph have honestly done their duty by | peur et sans reproche "-is said to be disthe respectable Christians of Bosnia,-whose contented with his position; Naples cannot nobles must no longer oppress them; and of Herzegovina,-whose people are half independent and half Austrian; of Bulgaria, -whose race have a semi-independent organization of their own, Christian, alien to Turkey, and conscious that the Ottoman rule alone restrains them from rising suddenly to the European level of intelligence in cul- The condition of Naples is amusing. After tivation, trade, and education, Moldo-Wal- a series of ignorings for great is the power lachia being already more than half independ- of ignorance in Naples-she bases her latest ent ? Imagine the sultan spurred to a hopes of rescue from her present calamities practical and honest fulfilment of promised on removing the objections to French interreforms; unable to put off attention to busi-vention, by recognizing Garibaldi as "a ness urged upon him by traders, by Giaours, power." We want the ghost of poor Frank by infidels abroad; forced to capitulate Stone to give us in Punch that Neapolitan though there is not an army in sight; version of "the Last Appeal." obliged to study the public opinion of Europe-driven, at least by proxy, to read European papers in order to learn what he may or may not do, and not allowed to be independent, indolent, and infallible!

In Italy, every element of the European question is concentrated, but with more besides; or rather elements which are less visible in other parts of the continent come to the surface in Italy. We there see, not only Austria retain a lingering hold upon Venice by the force of cannon, with one of those ridiculous titular claims in abeyance marked by the ruse of designating her Italian province Lombardo-Venetia; but, at the same time, we see the great power of eastern Europe debarred from crossing her frontiers to sustain, on her favorite field of Italy, the principles which she was asserting down to last month. Or Rome alone might be taken as the theatre of the greatest questions which can agitate mankind for a whole century. The pope is avowedly kept upon his throne exclusively by foreign soldiery. He has the support in England of men like Mr. Bowyer, who deny those chains of Neapolitan prisoners which Mr. Gladstone has seen; a French general commands where the pontiff has no generals of his own; his last recruits, the Irish soldiery, who have been carried over, it is said, on false pretences,-are asserting pretensions quite as fabulous, and are committing the practical bull of supporting "his holiness" by fighting among themselves; brought over at immense expense to repeat, in sight of the Vatican, the scene witnessed by Perseus when he sowed the dragon's teeth. The Vatican is fulminating protests to which nobody pays attention. France is weary of the sound; Prussia is too busy about other matters just at present to have any thoughts about archbishops of Cologne; even Austria has at last learned that she has not the power to come across the border for the support of the pope. Lamoricière-the "chevalier sans

THIRD SERIES. LIVING AGE.

515

As in politics so in trade, the world seems suddenly to have been turned that side upward which a little time past was down. Protectionist France is taking the lead in beginning a series of reciprocity treatiesthe Huskisson stage preliminary to the Peel stage of free-trade statesmanship. The great government of Vienna, which has been the strongest advocate of exclusion, is yielding to the power of its own subject provinces, who are themselves the claimants and champions of freed commerce. The emperor of Russia is leading in an industrial reform. Wherever we see old-fashioned seclusion prevailing, there we see at present rather an alarming state of trade. The weather which we have been suffering from in this country has been felt on the continent-crops are failing, cattle are dying, the poor are looking forward to hunger, sovereigns are looking forward to tumult. But there are some parts of Europe where there is a firm reliance upon the energies and resources of commerce. In this country we may anticipate enhancements of price for the remainder of the year, but we know well that we always have the preference in the stocks of the entire world; and why? Because our ports are absolutely free. France knows when she can obtain imports of food, and every exporting country is looking to an extension of her trade with a confidence of profit calculated to inspire her with full confidence of profit on her side, and of supplies for her people. The Italians have all the hope of success. But what of those countries in eastern Europe or in the north, which have been exclusive in their commercial dealings, and have declared to other countries that they are content to rely upon their indigenous resources alone! Here the industrial element appears in full fermentation in the very midst of the political, diplomatical, and military fermentation with which the whole of the continent is agitated.

From The Athenæum.

son of Charles Lee, Major-General,

ond in Command in the American

Army of the Revolution. By George H.
Moore. New York, Scribner; London,

Low & Co.

exorbitant claims, he solaced his wounded whom prudence would have had him conpride with showering sarcasms on those ciliate. In 1761 he was promoted to a Majority in the 103d regiment of foot; and in 1762, when the English auxiliary force was sent to assist Portugal in repelling the Spaniards, he accompanied Brigadier-General Burgoyne, with the rank of lieutenantcolonel in the service of the king of Portugal. In this service he gained high and merited praise for the brilliant manner in which he surprised the Spanish camp at Villa Velha. Lord Loudoun described this achievement to the ministry as "a very gallant action," and Count de La Lippe, the commander-in-chief, commending "the gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Lee," observed"so brilliant a stroke speaks for itself." Elated with these eulogies, Lee returned to England, expecting immediate advancement, but the powerful enemies whom he had provoked by his unscrupulous tongue, and not less unscrupulous pen, effectually prevented the fulfilment of his hopes. Restless and disappointed, smarting under wrongs both real and imagined, and railing at the ingratitude of his country, he offered to the king of Poland the sword he had already used in the service of the king of Portugal. The offer was accepted, and in the army of Poniatowski Stanislaus Augustus he became a major-general; but the highest rank he ever attained in the British service was that of a lieutenant-colonel on half-pay, and for that position (so far beneath his own opinion of his deserts) he had to wait till the May of 1772. Restless and embittered, regarding himself as the victim of ministerial oppres sion, and burning with resentment, he embraced the cause of the American colonists, and, quitting England forever, sailed for New York.

AT a time when the revelations of the State Paper Office are daily making us more and more alive to the fact that our history has to be rewritten in several of its most important parts, it is with no ordinary interest that we find the people of the United States in the same difficulty with ourselves. Such is indeed the case. Our American cousins have agreed to degrade one of their national heroes, to brand traitor on his forehead, and deliver him over to the obloquy of after-ages; the culprit, against whom the verdict of guilty has been delivered, being Major-General Charles Lee-after Washington and Lafayette, the brightest ornament of the Revolutionary army. At the outbreak and throughout the principal part of the hostilities between the mother country and the colonies, few names were more frequently on the lips of English politicians than that of Charles Lee; but when he dropped from the eminence to which he had raised himself for a few brief years, he fell from the memory of men on this side the Atlantic. Recent discoveries, however, give a fresh interest to his character and career. Born A.D. 1731, in England, and of English parents, his father being Col. John Lee, of Dernhall, co. Cheshire, and his mother being a daughter of Sir Henry Bunbury, a baronet of the same county, Charles Lee was still a child when he became a soldier. After acquiring the first rudiments of a classical education at the Grammar School of Bury St. Edmunds, he was gazetted to an ensign's commission in his father's regiment (the 44th), when only eleven years of age. As an advocate of popular opinions, he As a lieutenant of that regiment, he went met in America with an enthusiastic recepout with Braddock's disastrous expedition, tion, and in his progress through the colonies, and was one of the few officers who escaped by conversation, harangues, and pamphlets, from the terrible defeat it encountered, un- he did his utmost to rouse the courage of hurt in body and untarnished in reputation. the multitudes and inspire them with confiPurchasing his company for nine hundred dence. At this period he rendered valuable pounds, he remained in America, accom- services to American independence, by stimpanied his regiment with the forces led by ulating the animosities of men furious with Amherst from Lake Ontario, and returned a sense of injury and insult, and by convertto England after the campaign of 1760, ing the vague and negative discontent of which saw the completion of the British others into positive and organized opposiconquest of Canada. Impetuous, overbear- tion. The pompous servility of Dr. Myles ing, and quick-witted, the young officer "began very early to abuse his superiors, and was not very nice in the terms he made use of." With some ability, but a much more liberal stock of vanity and ambition, he claimed, as his right, rapid promotion; and, failing to obtain a recognition of his

Cooper's "Address to all Reasonable Americans" had not had time to depress and terrorize the Whigs to submission, when Lee's strictures upon its cowardly nonsense not only completely counteracted its pernicious influence, but both taught the colonists to see their strength, and fired them with a

noble resolve to suffer any fate rather than tamely submit to injustice.

On the outbreak of the war, Lee resigned his position of lieutenant-colonel on halfpay in the British army, and accepted the third command of the rebel forces - Washington being commander-in-chief, and Ward being first major-general. Of course, Lee was dissatisfied with the place assigned him. A soldier by profession, he held the colonial captains in no high esteem; and his prestige in the country of his adoption was so great, that men of all classes turned their eyes on him as their leader. Had he been a native of America he would unquestionably have been nominated to the command of the army. As a prudent and safe man, pledged to fidelity by all the associations of family and interests of property, Washington was honored with the first place; but even amongst the nearest and most cordial associates of that statesman there was a general mistrust of his military capacity. By many he was looked upon only as a nominal chief, acting under the guidance of the general who had served three European monarchs.

government. His life, however, was preserved, and he was admitted to the rank of an ordinary prisoner of war, in consequence of Washington's significant menace, in a letter to General Howe: "I think it necessary to add, that your conduct to prisoners will govern mine." But it was not till the 21st of April, 1778, that he was exchanged for Major-General Prescott. On the 20th of May he rejoined the army at Valley Forge and resumed his command. On the 28th of June was fought the battle of Monmouth Court House. Every one is familiar with the particulars of that engagement. Sent in command of the advanced corps, Lee beat a hasty retreat before an inferior force led by Sir Henry Clinton. In the inquiry that was subsequently instituted into his conduct, he asserted that he did not order the retreat; that it commenced from some mistake of orders or interference of subordinates; and that he was powerless to do any thing but concur in it, and make it as orderly as possible. He also argued that, though an accident, it was a lucky one. Anyhow, he forgot at the time to send information of his Self-sufficient and vain, boastful and, at retrograde movement to the main body, on the same time, earnest enough to persuade which he was retreating. All was in conhimself into a belief in his specious profes- fusion; when Washington, spurring up at sions, a droll mixture of charlatan and hero, full gallop, by indignant glances, rather than Lee saw the strength of his position, and by words, upbraided the general for his miswas not slow to improve it by practising conduct, by a quickly effected re-arrangefearlessly upon the credulity of the simple ment of his forces, restored order, and after planters. They held him to be one of the a long and stubborn battle gained a hardgreatest captains of the age; it was not his won victory. By his gallant conduct on the part to undeceive them. They were fasci- field, subsequent to the retreat, Lee secured nated with the boldness and brilliance of his himself from any imputation of cowardice. literary style;-he coolly assured them that How to account for his blunder was the one he was Junius;-and it required a Junius topic of the army. There were many who controversy to convince them of the false- thought that he would fain have seen a genhood of so impudent an assertion. On the eral engagement, entered upon in opporesignation of Ward, whom in his habitual sition to his counsels, terminate in disaster. tone of contempt he described as "a fat old Others judged him more charitably. A gentleman, who had been a popular church-court-martial finding him guilty of disobediwarden, but had no acquaintance whatever with military affairs," Lee succeeded to the retreat, and of disrespect to the commandersecond command. A troublesome subordinate Washington found him. Holding himself at liberty to obey orders or not, as he pleased, to scold Congress, and bully every one who came in collision with his imperious will, he caused the commander-in-chief infinite trouble. He was in his most insolent and lawless mood when he experienced the cruel humiliation of being taken a prisoner of war in the December of 1776, by a patrol of thirty dragoons, under the command of Lieutenant-Col. Harcourt, afterwards Earl Harcourt, F. M. His position was a perilous one. The Tories, both in England and America, urged that a terrible example should be made of an officer who, after wearing the king's uniform, had borne arms against his

ence to orders, of making an unnecessary

in-chief, sentenced him to be disabled from holding any command in the army for twelve months. Directing a sarcasm at Washington, whom he regarded as a personal enemy, the degraded general retired to an estate he had purchased in Berkely County, Virginia," to learn to hoe tobacco, which is the best school to form a consummate general. This is a discovery I have lately made." A fresh outburst of intemperance completed his disgrace; and he was finally dismissed by Congress from the service of the States. Furious at his defeat, severed from the country of his birth, dishonored in the land of his adoption, he ended his days after a brief illness in Philadelphia, in his fifty-second year, October 2, 1782—a little

more than six months before the termination and re-establish British supremacy in Amerof the war. His death caused a deep sensa-ica. Of the particulars of this plan we need tion in America, and a violent reaction of not speak, save to say, in the language of feeling in his favor. His services alone Mr. Moore, that, "to the extent of his were remembered; his errors were forgotten. knowledge of the then circumstances of both He was interred with military honors; and armies, it was perfectly adapted for entire from that time the biographers and histori- success." Our interest with it lies princians of the United States have combined to pally in its moral significance, and in the speak of him with gratitude. With all insight which it gives us into the character parties his impetuous and ungovernable of a remarkable actor in an important drama temper gained him credit for candor and of the world's history, whom his contempsincerity. Washington Irving, balancing oraries and their successors alike failed to the virtues and failings of his character, says, understand. Of course, in looking for the "There was nothing crafty or mean in his motive which induced this false soldier and character, nor do we think he ever engaged craven prisoner (trembling for his life) to in the low intrigues of the cabal; but he plan the ruin of that cause, on which he had was a disappointed man, and the gall of bit- staked fortune and reputation, it is impossiterness overflowed his generous qualities." ble for any two men to arrive at different In a similar spirit Jared Sparkes observes, conclusions. Mr. Moore does not inform us "It should be said that he was wholly in- through what channels he obtained possescapable of attempting any design by under- sion of "the document-in Lee's own handhand means, plot, cabal, or intrigue, so often writing, unmistakable and real, and enthe resort of little minds and reckless am- dorsed in the handwriting of Henry Strachey, bition." the then Secretary to the Royal Commissioners." We trust that in his forthcoming "Memoirs of the Life and Treason of Charles Lee," based on Langworthy's Memoirs, he will be more communicative on this point. In England, we are in the habit of asking very pertinent questions about historical manuscripts.

The startling revelation relating to this singularly guileless man, now for the first time published, is, that on March the 29th, 1777, whilst a prisoner of war, he sent in to Lord Howe and Sir William Howe a plan of operations that should effectually and permanently crush the Revolutionary army,

EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS.-M. Mariette, as- others. There has been nothing particular found sistant keeper of the Louvre, the remarkable at Elephantina, where the souvenirs of the sixth success of whose antiquarian researches in Egypt dynasty abound. My centre of operations is at have obtained much attention in this country as I found a splendid statue of Queen Ammeritis, Thebes, where, besides some other fine things, well as in France, dated last year from the Sera- and the tomb, hitherto inviolate, of Queen Aahpeum, discovered by himself at Memphis, a let-hotep, of the eighteenth dynasty. In this last ter to a friend, in which he details pleasantly the tomb I discovered some fifty fine jewels, all bearresult of his clearings and excavations of the ing the name of Amosis and other kings of the temples of Edfou, Karnac, and Abydos. In the seventeenth dynasty. I believe this Queen Aahtemple of Karnac M. Mariette-according to a hotep to be the mother of Amosis, and wife of a translation of his letter given in the Critic- certain king named Kames. Among the curi"Made some pleasing discoveries, one of in massive gold, with twelve rowers all in silver, osities in this royal tomb was a barque worked which is a granite stele, having engraved on it a and the whole mounted on a chariot of silver long poem in honor of the conquests of Thothmosis III. On the newly cleared walls I found with four wheels. The pilot, the singer, and a fragments of the famous numerical wall hitherto third individual of whose functions I am ignounknown, and in front of the great obelisk I dis-rant, are wrought in gold. Much has been said covered a small porch upon which are figured as many as two hundred and thirty Asiatic tribes conquered by Thothmosis III. The most interesting objects found during this clearing belong to the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties. At Abydos I commenced only very lately. It is a terrible piece of work. The excavations are carried on only at Memphis, Abydos, Thebes, and Elephantina. I shall soon commence some

of the treasure of Ferlini, but I believe it to be exceeded by that of Gournah."

M. Mariette describes himself as "Director of the Historical Monuments of Egypt, with the permission of H.M. the emperor." and defines his official duty as being " to guard against any possible injury the ancient monuments, and at the same time to form a museum for his highness the viceroy."

A FINAL ARCTIC SEARCH.
From The Saturday Review.

A FINAL ARCTIC SEARCH.

the undertaking in which they are to be en-
gaged, and well acquainted with its dangers,
deliberately determine to run the risk of
such a search, and if they can prevail on the
public to enable them to do so, it seems, on
the whole, a pity that they should not have
the opportunity of carrying out their plan.
The object in view may not be one of na-
tional importance, and it is certainly not a

Ir may interest some of our readers to know that an attempt is being made to organize what, if it is ever sent out, will in all probability be the last arctic expedition in search of the relics of the Franklin expedition. The plans and prospects of the projected enterprise are curious and interesting. The head of it is Mr. Parker Snow, a gen-national duty to effect it; but if the scheme tleman whose works have more than once were carried out with any considerable share been noticed in these columns, and who is of success, the result would be very curious entitled to the credit of having been the first, and interesting, and would be well worth the or nearly the first, person to indicate by con- sum (not much over £3,000) which would jecture the place at which the remains of Sir have been laid out in obtaining it. WhatJohn Franklin's party would be found-an ever mystery may overhang some parts of indication which Captain M'Clintock's ex- Sir John Franklin's last expedition, it appedition ascertained to be well founded. Mr. pears to be abundantly clear that the exSnow's plan is to purchase and equip for two plorations which he completed were nearly, years-if he succeeds in obtaining the neces- if not quite, the most remarkable that have sary amount of subscriptions for that pur- occurred in the long list of arctic voyages. pose a small vessel, which he intends to His northerly voyage round Cornwallis Land He must have been full of curious incidents and man with a very few picked hands. proposes to sail from this country about the observations, and the whole account of the end of the present or the beginning of next three years during which he struggled against year, and to proceed by Cape Horn and the horrors and dangers of his situation must Behring's Straits along the open water which be one of the most singular of all histories is usually found along the north coast of of courage and adventure. It is hardly conNorth America, until he reaches, from the ceivable that all records of it should have west, a point somewhat to the south of that entirely vanished away, and it is no injusat which Captain M'Clintock discovered the tice to Captain M'Clintock to say that the boat, the cairn, and the letter which form inquiries which he had the opportunity of the most authentic memorials of the fate of making were of necessity incomplete. Every the lost expedition. The principal objects credit is due both to him and to Lieutenant of his search would be twofold-the recovery Hobson for their gallantry and endurance, of additional records and documents relating but it seems highly improbable that they to Sir John Franklin, and the discovery of should have pitched upon the only cairn and more authentic information than has as yet the only record which could throw any light been obtained in any shape of the fate of at all upon the history or the fate of the exthe large party which left the ships on their pedition. journey southwards, and of whom absolutely nothing positive has ever been ascer

tained.

Such a plan may no doubt appear at first sight very unlikely to be productive of good, and to many persons the means which it is intended to employ may seem inadequate; but several considerations upon each of these points, which may not present themselves at a first glance, deserve to be taken into consideration. In the first place, there is a broad distinction between public or quasipublic undertakings and private adventures. There can be no doubt that there is no longer sufficient ground to hope that any of Sir John Franklin's party survive to justify the government in appropriating public money to the purpose of searching for them, or in inducing officers and seamen to risk lives of the highest value to their country in such a service. With private adventurers the case is very different. If a small number of men, with their eyes fully open to the nature of

The log-books, journals, and other documents of the party would be of the highest conceivable interest. The survivors would naturally attach the greatest importance to them, and would, if forced to leave them, do their best to furnish indications as to the place in which they might be found. It would seem therefore that, as we now know the exact place where the ships were abandoned, and part at least of the route which the party took after leaving them, there must be a really good prospect of discovering some detailed information as to their proceedings which would be valuable and curious in a very high degree. Captain M'Clintock's discoveries, no doubt, go far enough to dispense with the necessity of further search, but they also excite a strong curiosity to know what would be the result of one; and if a knot of private persons are willing to make this experiment at their own risk, it would, on the whole, be not undesirable that they should do so.

The hope that there may still be some

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