are enough. My husband and I are, with our children, sufficient for ourselves; besides I have good books, a good piano, and a good conscience, and thus one can live more quietly amidst the storms of life, than those by whom the storms are excited."

In the interest of her children, and in the study of history, the queen sought to forget her misfortunes. As the future was dark, she strove to live in the light of the past; and realizing with her fervid imagination the great characters of the past, she painted to the historian the scenes and men whom he had described, with a vivid power which surprised him. She in her modesty was the only one who was unconscious of her power; the compliment of the historian she thought was paid to her rank, and her great minister, Stein, was aroused at last to say, "O gracious queen, how unjust is your distrust of your own judgment !"

Another subject, which powerfully interested, her, was the education of the people. She saw the deep corruption of the upper classes; her hope was, that by good training the lower might be improved. She read eagerly every book which treated of this subject, and followed with eager delight the new plans and writings of Pestalozzi. "Were I my own mistress, I would get into my carriage and roll away to Pestalozzi in Switzerland, to thank the noble man with tears in my eyes. He does his best for mankind. In the name of mankind, I thank him for it."

66

were received with the utmost attention, and overwhelmed with gifts; but Louisa turned from the splendor and the gifts which the emperor heaped upon her with a weary heart. When some one remarked to her afterwards on the beauty of a set of pearl ornaments which she wore, Yes," she said, "I kept these back, when I had to part with all my other jewels. Pearls suit me. They are emblematic of tears, and I have shed so many." It was a relief to her to return to Königsberg. "Nothing dazzles me now," she said, "and once more I repeat, my kingdom is not of this world." Her friend Borowski thus describes her: "Her seriousness has a quiet cheerfulness about it; and the faith and courage which God gives her, spread over her whole being a sweetness which may be called dignified. Her eyes, indeed, have lost their early liveliness, and one sees in them that she has wept, and still weeps much; but they have acquired a mild expression of soft melancholy and silent longing, which is better than mere joyousness. The bloom has vanished from her cheeks, and is replaced by a soft pallor; yet her face is still fair, and the white roses there please me almost better than the earlier red ones. Round her mouth, where a sweet happy smile used to play, one now from time to time remarks a trembling of the lips, which speaks of pain, but not of bitter pain." The gallant struggle in the Tyrol gave her a momentary delight. She hailed the flame of freedom kindled, as she One passage in Pestalozzi's work struck says, both in the mountains of the Tyrol and her: "Sorrow and suffering are God's bless- of Spain. "What a man is this Andreas ings." Yes," she said, "and even in my Hofer; a peasant is become a general, and sorrow I can say, it is God's blessing; how what a general! His arms are prayer, his much nearer am I to God by reason of it." ally God. He fights on bended knee, with The fearful events which were passing filled folded hands, and conquers as with the flamher mind. In July, 1808, she refers to the ing sword of the cherubim." Then she hopes day as the anniversary of her interview with that the days of the maid of Orleans may reNapoleon. "Ah! what a remembrance! how turn, and that thus, perhaps, the evil adverI suffered then! suffered more for the sake sary will be overcome. But the war with of others than myself! I wept, I entreated Austria darkened her prospects. Her birthin the name of pity and humanity, in the day had been kept by the simple citizens of name of our misfortunes, of the laws which Königsberg in March, 1809, by a banquet at govern the world; and I was only a woman, the castle and a fete given by the inhabitants and yet how highly exalted above this ad- of the town. The poor queen was ill, and versary." The monstrous attack of Napoleon was heart-broken with sorrow and foreboding. on Spain added to her gloom. "It is a new Reproaches fell upon her, a huge burden of finger trace of the iron hand," she writes, sorrow; she says she "had to sigh and swalwhich is passing over the face of Europe low her tears." "My birthday," she writes to a warning one for us." The gallantry of the her confidential friend," was a fearful day for Spaniards inspired her with some hope. But me. My heart seemed breaking. I danced, fresh blows were at hand. The faithful Stein, I smiled, I said pleasant things to the fetewho had occasioned Napoleon's anger by his manly policy, was compelled to resign. The kindness of the Emperor Alexander brought some alleviation. In proceeding to Erfurth, he had passed through Königsberg, and had urged the king and queen to return his visit at St. Petersburg. They did so early in 1809, | Austria at Wagram, she writes,

givers. I was friendly to every one, while all the time I knew not which way to turn for misery. To whom will Prussia belong next year? whither shall we all be dispersed? God Almighty, Father, have pity!"

When afterwards she heard of the defeat of "Alas! O

God, how much trouble is gone over me! of a longing and thirsting for holiness which Thou alone helpest. I no longer believe in an earthly future. God knows where I shall be buried; scarcely on German ground. Austria sings her swan song, and then, ade Germania.'

From The Saturday Review, 26 May. LORD BROUGHAM AT EDINBURGH.

long list of his own illustrious fellow-students "who, under the same masters, gained THE new constitution of the university of those accomplishments which made them the north has been inaugurated with all the the ornaments of society, the solid learning splendor that befits its traditional prestige, and practical knowledge which made them its many grand associations, and its lofty its benefactors, ministering at the altars of designs. Two orators, both among the most their country, admistering her laws, amendillustrious of their day, have accepted its ing her institutions, improving her literature highest posts of honor, have dignified its and taking their station among the best ceremonials by their presence, and have set friends of mankind, the fearless, the consistthemselves to describe, with all the authority ent apostles of picty, humanity, and freedom which realized success commands, the ob- all now passed away, leaving their memory jects which the scholar should place before for our comfort, their examples for our enhim as the goal of his ambition, and the couragement." rules by which he may best defy the solicitations of self-indulgence, faint-heartedness, a selfish, indolent, or careless career, and the or despair, and most safely tread the narrow and arduous path by which alone the difficulties of life must be surmounted, and fortune's crowning height at last attained.

Such men as these are not the models for

contemplation of their characters must, one would imagine, tend in the greatest degree to shame a young man into shaking off the frivolity which too often lasts on when every The ceremony to which the Edinburgh innocent characteristic of childhood has students were last week invited was just one passed away, and to force him to realize of those which must fire the coldest and most how serious and valuable a matter the eduunimpressible temperament with something cational period of his existence descrves to of sentiment and enthusiasm. A former be esteemed. Nothing indeed can be simstudent of the university, full of years and pler or more homely than the advice which honor, crowned with every distinction that the great orator urged most earnestly upon falls within the reach of varied powers and his hearers. To economize the spare mindauntless resolution, returning to the scene utes of life, to master one thing at a time, of his carliest labors, and surveying the long and to master it thoroughly-to concentrate and eventful retrospect which the time and every effort upon a single branch of employplace naturally suggested, could not fail to ment, and to make that the nucleus round arouse the interest and to touch the feelings which all subsidiary information may be arof his hearers. It is to associations of this ranged-such are the commonplace maxims kind that great schools and colleges owe which Lord Brougham thinks it especially much of that irresistible fascination which necessary to impress upon the students of they exercise over the minds of all who come Edinburgh. A less distinguished speaker within the range of their influence. Nothing might have shrunk from them as below the could serve more to stimulate a boy to great dignity of the occasion, and might have exertions, to suggest the possibility of a gratified the ingenuity of an academical augrand career, and to fix his attention on no-dience by metaphysical subtleties, or his ble schemes, than the consciousness of being vanity by some abstruse speculation. Lord united by common interests and attachments Brougham could be content with a lower to men whose abilities have carried them far and less pretentious flight. His whole phiabove the ordinary level of society. There losophy is cminently utilitarian. He values is a certain solidarity of greatness by which intellectual ability just in proportion as it every member of the fraternity shares some- contributes, not to the exaltation of a single thing of the distinction which a single indi- individual, but to the increased happiness vidual may enjoy. Thus a university is a and comfort of the mass of mankind."The bond of union, not only between different wisdom of ancient times, though it dealt ages, but between the opposite extremes of largely with the subject of our passions and the same generation. The poor Scotch lad generally with the nature of man in the abwho has just entered upon his curriculum of stract, never stooped to regard as worthy of study may be encouraged by the knowledge consideration the rights, the comforts, and that the chancellor of his university sub- the improvement of the community at large." mitted to the same routine and confronted Lord Brougham warns his audience against the same difficulties as give the coloring to so false a view of the objects of learning. his own existence. Lord Brougham seems He protests against the notion of an "imto have felt this when he recalled "the passable space which separates the vulgar breathless silence and riveted attention" from the philosopher and the statesman." with which he had, "within those very walls, He shrinks with horror from the cold and received the instructions of the teachers of merciless theory which degraded the mass other days," and when he went through the of mankind to the level of the brute crea

tion. "A sounder philosophy and a purer in their admiration of genius and their sense religion have in modern times entirely abol- of power." The splendors of a Napoleonic ished all such distinctions." The ameliora- régime are but a poor equivalent, in Lord tion of society is, he thinks, no unworthy Brougham's estimation, for the crimes and employment for the most exalted powers, miscrics which its establishment entailed, and this genial and condescending temper and for the ruined liberties in which it regives the principal coloring to his treatment sulted. of every subject which falls within the range Never have the true ends of power been of his long and discursive address. In more nobly and simply laid down, or a higher morals, it leads him to contend "that it is conception of the responsibilities of learning beneficence rather than benevolence which enforced upon a learned audience. The can be regarded as a virtue, and entitled to Edinburgh university has the honorable disconfidence and respect." In literature, it tinction of attracting students, not only from forces him to apostrophize writers in the various parts of England, but from the conlanguage of Mirabeau-"Ah, would they tinent and from the States of America. Lord but devote themselves honestly to the noble Brougham has suggested some of the useful art of being useful." The greatest rhetori- lessons which these alien learners may carry cian of his day secs in oratory only a means away with them to their own countries. The to the same unpretentious result: "Elo- Frenchman will understand that popular quence," he says, "can only in these times rights do not involve popular tyranny, and be worthily employed for furthering objects that absolutism is not the only alternative little known to, or, if dimly perceived, little for anarchy. The American will appreciate cared for by, the masters of the art in an- the advantage of a government in which recient days-the rights of the people, the im- spectable men will consent to act, and of an provement of their condition, their advance- administration of justice which the mob canment in knowledge and refinement-above not influence. The Neapolitan will, in the all, for maintaining the cause-the sacred clear atmosphere of northern freedom, see cause of peace at home and abroad." His- despotism in all its true deformity. Englishtory, in the same way, is deserting her true men will understand the advantage of a stuand honorable vocation when, dazzled by dent's home life. All, we should hope, who splendor of genius, or the imposing scale of had the honor of listening to the chancellor's achievements, she forgets the real interests inaugural address will have been infected of our species, and holds up to admiration with something of the candor and large"the worst enemies of mankind-the usurp-mindedness, the calm judgment, the sincere ers who have destroyed their liberties, the love of justice, the lofty morality, which the conquerors who shed their blood." Lord veteran philosopher-almost the only sur

Brougham looks at once to the influence which such a mode of treatment is likely to exercise upon the actors in the affairs of life. The multitude are too often pursuaded into being the accomplices of some illustrious criminal. "Seduced by the spectacle of triumphant force, stricken with wonder at the mere exercise of great faculties with great success, men withdraw their eyes from the means by which the ends are attained, and lose their natural hatred of wickedness

vivor of a race of great men-endeavored to impart to a generation with which his name has already become historical. Our age is, in one respect, exceptionally privileged-we are rich in the wisdom of old men, and in a disturbed and threatening epoch we may certainly think ourselves fortunate, no less that Lord Lyndhurst still takes his place in our senate, than that Lord Brougham is the presiding genius of one of our great universities.

Ir is a notion too commonly entertained not | symptoms, so frequently insisted upon the friends only by the public but even by educated medical of patients who have succumbed to apparently men who have not made diseases of the brain sudden disease of the brain, is rendered incredtheir special study, that many fatal affections of ble by the evidence of long-standing disease disthis class are suddenly developed without having covered after death. The symptoms must have been preceded by any premonitory symptoms or been there, and the patient might have been by any organic changes of the brain or its ap- saved, had their import been understood by him pendages. It is for the purpose of disabusing or his friends. Hence the manifest importance his readers of this error, and guarding them of a book that teaches unprofessional readers to against its lamentable consequences, that Dr. apprehend the signs of incipient cerebral disease, Forbes Winslow has written his treatise "On as readily as they do those of other maladies for Obscure Disease of the Brain and Disorders of which the physician is consulted in good time.the Mind." The absence of all premonitory Spectator.

THE BRUCE WAR.-REJECTION OF THE ULTIMATUM.

From The Examiner, 2 June.
THE BRUCE WAR.
To suffer for the madness of kings is the
ancient fate of nations, and perhaps there
was some consolation in the fact that the
The
authors of the evil were mighty men.
old Trojan chief found, in Helen's surpassing
beauty, a fair and sufficient excuse for all the
troubles of Troy. It was no shame, he said,
to undergo many woes for such a woman,
who excessively resembled a goddess in the
face. But where are we to find consolation
for the present war with a third of the human
race? Where is the Agamemnon to give
dignity, or the Helen to grace this calamity?
There is nothing like either. A small envoy
has plunged us into this huge, unwieldy war.
He was, to say the best, not known as a man
of any remarkable capacity, but he was, for-
sooth, the brother of Lord Elgin, and upon
that family-claim the destinies of two em-
pires were entrusted to his hands. To his
precipitancy in ordering the attack in the
Peiho, what a frightful amount of waste of
blood and treasure may hereafter be dis-
tinctly referable, and also what grievous
financial embarrassments. The war with all
its consequences is the Bruce war. It was
his act both to put us in the wrong and
to get us beaten in the wrong, and to the
consequent loss of our prestige is attributa-
ble the emperor's obstinacy in rejecting the
ultimatum of our government, and accepting
the hazards of renewed hostilities. We may
be told that it is ungenerous to cast re-
proaches upon an officer for an error in judg-
ment, but something more than generosity
is required in the exercise of opinion upon
conduct fraught with mighty consequences.
And if Mr. Bruce is to be excused for error
of judgment, not so is the government that
appointed a man capable of so great an
error, and instructed him so ill to avoid it.
Lord Malmesbury indeed declares that he
never contemplated as possible the proceed-
ings of Mr. Bruce in the Peiho; but be that
as it may, there was room and authority for
those high-handed proceedings under the
letter of the instructions.

And here we are now in the beginning of
a war the end of which none can foresee, and
For what is before
few now living may see.
us? Let us imagine England at war with
all Europe, with this difference, that the con-
tinent should be much more populous than it
is, and much less warlike. But the similar-
ity would be in this, that the people of one
part of the continent would have no sym-
pathy with or concern for the people of an-
other part. The parallel of Europe will, how-
ever, only serve us for the illustration of the
scale of operations, and the absence of any
thing homogeneous and sympathetic in the

population. There is a peculiarity exclusively Chinese, which makes war with them utterly different from war with any other people on earth. This is their carelessness and recklessness of life. China has too much life, more life than her land and her water can give room for and support. The destruction of life is therefore hardly regarded as an evil even when it is the work of an enemy. Suppose we slay a hundred thousand, the only reflection would be, so much the better for those that survive and take their places. The decimation of the population would hardly be looked upon as loss, and the emperor would probably feel that his enemies had rendered his flowery people a service by weeding it of its rank luxuriance. For himself, he will take good care to keep out of the way, and reconcile himself to all the rest, unless, as may happen, our hostilities lead to the overthrow of the dynasty and a state of anarchy.

The Chinese are the very opposite of a warlike people; but paradoxical as it may sound, this does not contribute to the success of war with them. They hold war in no honor; they think it far secondary to letters, ceremony, and etiquette. Victory, therefore, does not humiliate them. They console themselves with their proverbial saying, that "flints are harder than eggs, but not so valuable." Barbarians can use their force and craft to burn and destroy, but the inner people pride themselves on knowing better things. They are thus proof against us in two respects, their inhumanity and their conceit. They will neither care for the killed, nor be mortified by defeat, and we may repeat what we call our triumphs without making the slightest impression. They have but one sensitive side, and that is the pocket, by an action on which alone we can extort terms.

From The Examiner, 2 June.

THE REJECTION OF THE ULTIMATUM.

THE following important correspondence
mons on 31 May
was laid on the table of the House of Com-

MR. BRUCE TO THE SENIOR SECRETARY OF
STATE, PANG-WAN-CHANG.

Shanghai, March 8th. The undersigned, etc., has the honor to address a communication to his Excellency Pang-Wan-Chang, a senior secretary of state, and their excellencies the members of the great council of his majesty the emperor of China. The undersigned has the honor to state that, as in duty bound, he has laid before her Britannic majesty's government a full narrative of all the circumstances attending his journey to the mouth of the Tien-tsin River last summer for the purpose of ex