here. It may suffice to say, that the materials employed in this communication, can be manufactured for about twenty-five dollars-twice this size, for about thirty-five, and in a smaller proportion as the size increases; while the common printing establishments cost from about four hundred to two thousand dollars. The existence of an absurd custom (giving the power of monopoly by patents) renders it necessary to state, that any person is at liberty to make use of these simple, yet important, improvements; and any additional information will be freely given.

Preparations are now making to supply those who prefer to purchase these materials, rather than make them. They will be manufactured and sold upon the principle of labour for labour, of which notice will be given through the medium of "The Free Enquirer,' a paper devoted to the great interests of mankind-conducted in New York by Frances Wright, and R. D. Owen. It may be useful to inform those who are unacquainted with the fact, that the art of using types may be acquired by females or children in a few hours.

VARIETIES.

Nancy Bere.-Mr. Warner was acquainted with a Mrs. Hackman, who was fond of gardening. Her garden, as is usual in spring, stood in need of an active weeder; and John the footman (he tells us) was despatched to the poor house to select a little pauper girl, qualified for the performance of this necessary labour. He executed his commission in a trice, brought back a diminutive female of eight or nine years of age, pointed out the humble task in which she was to employ herself, and left her to her work. The child, alone, among the flowers, began to "warble her native woodnotes wild," in tones of more than common sweetness." Mrs. Hackman's chamber window had been thrown up: she heard the little weeder's solitary song; was struck with the rich melody of her voice, and inquired from whom it proceeded? Nancy Bere, from the poor-house," was the answer. By Mrs. Hackman's order, the songstress was immediately brought to the lady's apartment, who became so pleased at this interview with her naïveté, intelligence, and apparently amiable disposition, that she determined to remove the warbling Nancy from the workhouse, and attach her to her Own kitchen establishment. The little maiden, however, was too good and too active to be permitted to remain long in the subordinate condition of a scullion's deputy.

Mrs. Hackman soon preferred her to the office of lady's maid; and to qualify her the better for this attendance on her person, had her carefully instructed in all the elementary branches of education. The intimate intercourse that now subsisted between the patroness and her protegée, quickly ripened into the warmest affection on the one part, and the most graceful attachment on the other. Nancy Bere was attractively lovely, and still more irresistible from an uncommon sweetness of temper, gentleness of disposition, and feminine softness of character; and Mrs. Hackman, whose regard for her daily increased, proposed at length to her complying husband that they should adopt the pauper orphan as their own daughter. From the moment of the execution of this plan, every possible attention was paid to the education of Miss Bere; and, I presume, with the best success; as I have always understood that she became a highly accomplished young lady. Her humility and modesty, however, never forsook her; and her exaltation in Mr. Hackman's family served only to strengthen her gratitude to her partial and generous benefactress. It could not be thought that such" a flower" as the adopted beauty,

"Was born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air,"

or that, however retired her life might be, Miss Bere would remain long the beloved protegée of Mr. and Mrs. Hackman, without being remarked, admired, and solicited to change her name. Very shortly, indeed, after her assuming this character, such an event occurred; and a few years ago, the little warbling pauper, Nancy Bere, of Lymington workhouse, quitted this temporal being; the universally lamented widow of the Right Rev. Thomas Thurlow, Palatine Bishop of Durham.-Literary Recollections.

Recollections of Dr. Parr.-Many were the days of social delight which I passed in the company of Dr. Parr, whilst he continued in Bath; but one, in particular, remains traced on my memory in the brightest colours. He had promised to dine at my cottage. I was aware of his partiality for the society of men younger than himself; and a few friends, far inferior to the doctor in years, but quite qualified to be his companions, gave him the meeting. All was sunshine. Every thing chanced to please him. The dishes were to his heart's content. The wine (of which, however, he always drank but little) was old and highly flavoured; and I had provided a large stock of common shag tobacco, which he had chose rather than the most genuine c'naster. He had, too, what he preferred to all besides, the attention, admiration, and honest open-hearted converse, of sensible young

tion, drew the packet from his pocket which contained the irrefragable proofs of his baseness, and told him to look at it and inform him if he knew any thing of its contents. Wilson was immediately put into close confinement, when we all looked for his being shot; but in a little time he was sent off to Old Guiana, a prisoner at large, until shipped off to the West Indies; and I believe he had money to carry him off. Bolivar said, "I forgive you for the sake of your country; you have it to thank for life, and not me, sir."-Life of Alexander Alexander.

the camp.

General Paez at Cojeral.-At Cojeral we supped with General Paez, and messed with him the two days we remained. His marquee was quite temporary, being poles stuck in the ground, with others laid across to form the top, and thatched with leaves, both sides and top. The whole furniture consisted of a small table, one chair and form, his hammock, and a pocket-knife. Our mess was as simple as the marquee; the beef was roasted on a pole, stuck fast through it, then upright into the ground, and a fire being kindled, it was turned round occasionally until well enough done. In this manner the cooking was going on all through A trumpet was sounded, the signal for those officers who messed with the general, his staff, and others invited, to assemble, when all stood around and cut off for himself. There were not above two or three pocket-knives amongst the whole; but they accommodated each other, and then used only their teeth and fingers until satisfied. Paez sat on his hammock, one or two on the form; a little cassada, and a few roasted plantains, sliced on a plate on the table, the beef being stuck in the ground still on the spit. It was just a little crowd-all quiet and busy eating. They did this pretty fast, and were soon done with it. The beef was excellent and all were healthy and hearty looking. As soon as we were done eating, all retired. As the commencement of this scene, the rifle officer and myself were much astonished, and somewhat abashed: yet we could not help smiling as our eyes met. The space being crowded and inconvenient, I stood close to the general's left, and my companion next me. 1 felt awkward and bashful at helping myself and the other officer, as he made me cut for him. Paez and other officers observed our involuntary smile, I saw he was not pleased, though by this time he knew a good deal of the English character. He asked me in English, "Is that good beef?" In my confusion I only heard distinctly the word beef, and as the French is bœuf, I thought he had spoken in French. I replied, Oui, Monsieur, il fait très bon bœuf."-" Parlez-vous Français ?" he said. "Oui, Monsieur." He then helped us to a slice or two, cut by himself, saying,

Mangez, Anglais, mangez," and gave us one glass of grog each, but no one else. We had our billet under a tree, along with the two sergeants, and when the trumpet again sounded, we two officers were invited to the same scene. Paez is a stout, active-looking little man, with a pleasing and very expressive countenance: he is a good musician and dancer, fearless and brave to excess; but rash to a fault, rushing into battle pellmell, with no idea but that of overturning all opposed to him by mere animal force. Yet his feelings were very acute, and he grieved much after a great slaughter, even of his enemies, and became subject to severe epileptic fits. He had fought many suc cessful battles, but he could not calculate the effect of evolutions like Bolivar. He was no

politician, only a plain fighting man, whose talent lay in rushing on to battle. He was quite void of learning, being able neither

to read nor write. With much care he could just manage to scrawl P-a-e-z on the but his heart and soul were in the cause official papers that were presented to him; he had espoused.—Ibid.

Plan to Relieve London from Smoke.It is rather singular, that at a time when invention is with its mighty arm felling every obstacle before it, such a monster as London smoke should be left unsubdued-hovering over the metropolis to the woe of the asthmatic and the consumptive; blasting the works of architecture; and, to the despair of astronomers, veiling the heavens from their sight. I propose to strangle this monster in the place of his birth. My plan is as follows:-Let threads of asbestos be suspended in chimneys about a quarter of an inch from each other, and let water be continually gliding down each thread. You will find that the smoke on striking those wet threads will be condensed, and carried down by the gliding water into a pipe or a receiver, so that there will not be a single atom of smoke escaping through the top of the chimney. A sufficient quantity of water could be forced up in five minutes to supply the threads for a whole day. Wires might be adopted in the room of threads; but there should be two wires touching each other, to cause a capillary attraction to retain the water gliding down. At copper-works tiles should be fixed in the stacks vertically, about a quarter of an inch from each other, and they should have small grooves on each side, to distribute the gliding water to every part regularly. The whole length of the stacks should be filled with those tiles. By this simple means the poisonous smoke of copper-works would be completely done away with.-Mechanic's Magazine.

In order that the public may form an accurate estimate of the private and public character of George IV., we propose to take a retrospect of his life. Few reigns in the history of any country have been more momentous, or more distinguished by great and sudden transitions.

It is a remarkable circumstance, that an heir apparent to the British throne was born on the forty-eighth anniversary of the accession of the House of Brunswick. On the 12th of August, 1762, at twenty-four minutes after seven, his late majesty George IV. was born at St. James's. The Archbishop of Canterbury was in the room, and certain great officers of state in the room adjoining, with the door open in the queen's apartment. The person who waited on the king with the news received a bank note of the value of 500%.

Nothing can mark more strongly the character of the age than the periodical publications that were put forth on this occasion. The queen refused all medical assistance from the other sex, and was attended by a Mrs. Stephens, mother, we believe, to the celebrated Dr. Stephens, who married the sister of Mr. Wilberforce, and whose exertions for the suppression of the slave trade have justly procured him the admiration of every man of integrity and humanity. The obstetric science was then but faintly understood amongst us; for Mr. Denman, the celebrated father of the present Common Serjeant of London, had not written his famous work on midwifery; and reference was always made to the ancients, from Aristotle to Galen, and from him to the doctors of the Sarbonne. Hence the press had teeped with numerous speculations, or rather prophecies, upon her majesty, some not very delicate; and whilst a few denied her being enceinte, others entered into peripherical phenomena, and pretended to predict the sex and future destinies of the child. Slander was mixed up with these publications, and when the queen appeared at the installation of the garter, at St. George's Hall, Windsor Castle, four weeks after her accouchement, several violent articles were written upon the indelicacy of so early an appearance; whilst she was defended by her friends, upon the plea of the customs of her country being different from those of England. A man, who then ruled London, with respect to opinion, as powerfully as the king himself, the Rev. Mr. Simpson, preached against the queen's indelicacy; but he was answered in a pamphlet by the Rev. Dr. Vanderguicht, who cited all that could be found upon the sub

quotation of that description was then omnipotent, still the doctor's Dutch name was mistaken by the vulgar for German-he was considered as a partisan of the Germans, and met with very severe usage from the populace. Among the religious addresses presented on this occasion, we may mention one of great singularity from the Quakers. It produced a sensation at that period, for the Quakers were a sect that never presented addresses, and it was an age of sectarian principles and influences.

Never did the birth of a prince diffuse more joy throughout a nation. For eighty years the country had been governed by foreigners, and they had now the prospect of a succession of native princes. Crowds of the nobility and gentry were admitted to see the royal infant at the palace, and it was announced at what hours the royal infant would take the air in the parks, so that the public might witness the procession, for everything was then conducted with a pomp which would appear almost ridiculous at the present day. When the royal infant was only five days old, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall, and ere he was five weeks old, he was invested with the order of the garter. He appeared in public with the sash, sword, collar, and all the insignia of that splendid order. Addresses of congratulation poured in upon the king and queen from all parts of England, and complimentary embassies were received from the courts of Europe.

To gratify the anxious affection of the public, their majesties gave directions that the infant might be publicly seen at St. James's Palace, on drawing-room days, for two hours, from one to three o'clock. When this permission was first accorded the prince was not quite a fortnight old. It was intimated that all visitors where to step softly when in the apartment, and no one was to touch the royal infant. Lest this hint should not be duly attended to, in order to make assurance doubly sure,' a slight open screen was interposed, effectually to repel the too presuming. Cake and caudle were distributed to the ladies who repaired to catch a glimpse of England's future monarch, and these are said to have caused an expense of 407. per diem, exclusive of wine, which was also unsparingly bestowed on the happy occasion.

At the early age of three years he received in person an address from the Ancient Britains-a society which has a peculiar claim to the patronage of the heir apparent. The address was well adapted to his infantine years, and he appeared perfectly capable of comprehending the stewards, when they told him that his royal parents had not thought any period of their lives too early for doing good, and that they hoped, when a.

few short years should call forth his virtues, he would remember with pleasure the occur rence of that day. The young prince, no doubt, prepared by parental care for the occasion, listened with attention to the ad dress, and distinctly repeated his answer :"Gentlemen, I thank you for this mark of duty to the king, and wish prosperity to this charity."

The royal parents were remarkably do mestic; in addition, therefore, to the usual solicitude about an infant heir to the throne, their first-born became the object of unexampled care care that was thought excessive, if not injurious, at that early period, and which, though the motive of it must ever be praised, afterwards did harm to the character of the prince, by rendering the transition from youth to manhood, and from restraint to independence, much too sudden and abrupt. Almost idolized by the people, when he was the subject of diseases incident to childhood, from which there is no royal road of escape, and which then prevailed with more certainty and severity than at present, every family seemed to feel as though one of its own members were in danger; and the tidings of his recovery were the signal for new ebullitions of delight, and more confident anticipations that his life would be long, and his reign pros→ perous and happy.

The domestic habits and inclinations of the king and queen augured favourably, for their young family. Their majesties rose at six in the morning, and passed the time in privacy, until eight o'clock, those two hours being emphatically called their own time. At eight their children breakfasted with them, generally off porridge. After this, their days were spent in severe studies at the desk, or, in exercise in the open air.

The following anecdote of the father and the son, at this time, is illustrative of the character of both :

George III., though remarkable for the urbanity of his manner, and for an abstinence from any compromise, of his dignity by indulging in personal aversions, is under stood to have deviated a little from this line of conduct in the case of Mr. Wilkes. So ungrateful indeed was the name of Wilkes and No. 45 (the famous number of the North Briton) deemed to be to the sovereign, that the Prince of Wales, then a mere boy, being chid for some childish fault, and wishing to take his boyish revenge, is related to have done so, by stealing to the king's apartment, shouting at the door, "Wilkes and No. 45 for ever," and then running away. It is hardly necessary to add, that the parent laughed at this trick of the son with his accustomed good humour.

The first governor of the prince was the Earl of Holderness a noblemen of talents,

integrity, and spirit. It is singular that the king resisted Lord Chesterfield's recommendation of Dr. Dodd, as tutor, on the ground of the doctor's immorality; but his majesty selected Monsieur de Salzes, at the recommendation of the brother of M'Clain, the celebrated highwayman, who was afterwards executed at Newgate. Lord Holder. ness found his royal pupil in the habit of reading books calculated to infuse arbitrary and tyrannical principles of government, and despotic habits of behaviour.

In the education of the royal offspring the principle of utility became an object of attention at an early age, as may be inferred from the following circumstance, related on the authority of Arthur Young, as having occurred when the Prince of Wales was no more than twelve years of age. A plot of ground was dug by his royal highness and his brother the Duke of York, in the garden at Kew, where they resided. The princes sowed it with wheat, attended to the growth of their little crop, weeded, reaped, and harvested it entirely by themselves. They threshed out the corn and separated it from the chaff, and, at each stage of their labours, they were led to reflect on the various operations which the husbandman is obliged to perform. Having thus raised their crop, the princes ground the corn, parted the bran from the flour, and attended to the whole process of making it into bread, which, as it may be easily conceived, was eaten with no little relish. Their majesties partook of the repast, and were delighted to see the amusements of their children converted into a source of useful knowledge.

The education of George III. is allowed to have been defective: it was not so defective, however, as to make him undervalue sound learning, or render him indifferent to his children's proficiency. He insisted on a much larger portion than he had attained being offered to the prince, and he rejoiced to find him both able to appreciate it, and ready to make it his own. Perhaps his royal highness did not so willingly submit to the discipline of his noble governors and reverend tutors; which, in fact, was strict beyond all precedent and all propriety. The system, derived its severer features of restraint and seclusion from the authority of the king, whose firmness in other matters sometimes rose to obstinacy, and who was often pertinacious when he only thought himself prudent. But if the prince was trained according to the royal mandate, the agents chosen to execute the stern decree were well fitted for their work. It is sufficient to remember the official characters of Dr. Markham at Westminster, and of Dr. Jackson at Christ Church, and to know that the prince spent his youth chiefly under their control.

This system was highly beneficial while