heit verwandelt, und diese Niedergeschlagenheit wirkte noch verschlimmernd auf die Pest selbst. Die allgemeine Stimmung setzte sich nun fest, daß die Pest als eine nothwendige Folge aus dem Kriege ́hervorgegangen sei. So erhob sich allgemein Mißmuth und Unwille gegen Perikles als den der den Krieg begonnen, den man als den Urheber alles Unglücks betrachtete.-Niebuhr. II. Translate into German : The different ranks and orders of mankind may be compared to so many streams and rivers of running water. All proceed from one original, small and obscure; some spread wider, travel over more countries, and make more noise in their passage than others; but all tend alike to an ocean, where distinction ceases, and where the largest and most celebrated rivers are equally lost, and absorbed with the smallest and most unknown streams. III. Grammatical Questions. 1. Decline Der Arm. 2. Decline Welcher in the masculine, feminine, and neuter. 3. Conjugate the perfect of Entziehen. 4. Conjugate the indicative present passive of Fortweisen. 5. Give four prepositions that govern the dative, and write some sentences to illustrate their use. CHEMISTRY. PROFESSOR ABEL, F.R.S. [N.B.-Not more than TEN questions to be answered.] 1. Name the non-metallic elements, and describe briefly the properties of those which are gases. 2. What are the usual tests by which substances of alkaline character are recognised? Enumerate the alkalies, give their composition, and state whether there are any other substances having alkaline properties. 3. Give the chemical names and composition of the following substances:-alum, salt, chalk, washing soda, vinegar, Epsom salts, spirits of wine. 4. How would you proceed to soften hard water required for drinking and cooking purposes; and what would be the readiest softening process, supposing the water to be required only for washing purposes? 5. What is the composition of hard soap, and of what does soft soap consist? When soap is employed in hard water, what occurs? 6. Explain the continuous production of flame from a candle and an oil lamp. 7. You are required to demonstrate experimentally the structure of flame, and the cause of luminosity of a gas- or candle-flame. 8. Give an account of the chemical changes which occur when coal is burned in a fire-grate. 9. If called upon to pronounce an opinion on the quality of coal supplied for domestic purposes, what conditions would you expect the coal in question to fulfil? 10. What are the principal results of exposure of a piece of wood to a high temperature in a confined space? NATURAL SCIENCES. 15 11. Give methods for demonstrating the existence, in air, of its two principal constituents, and also of water and carbonic acid. 12. What do you know regarding the nature and properties of the proximate constituents of a grain of wheat? 13. What is the precise object of employing yeast in the preparation of bread; what is the nature of its action, and what are the conditions essential to its efficacy? 14. Give some account of the principal processes which have been used for making bread without the use of yeast. 15. What is the composition of carbonic acid? From what materials would you prepare it, for employment in the manufacture of aërated bread? Describe the chemical change attending its liberation. NATURAL SCIENCES. PROFESSOR J. MORRIS, F.G.S. GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 1. Name some of the more common minerals which enter into the composition of Igneous and Aqueous rocks, and state their distinguishing cha racters. 2. Enumerate the systems of Crystallography, and give examples of minerals belonging to each system. 3. Give the crystalline forms of Quartz, Diamond, Beryl, Topaz, and state the directions in which they respectively cleave with facility. 4. State the crystalline form, chemical composition, and mode of occurrence of common salt, and mention the localities whence it is principally obtained both in Great Britain, and on the continent of Europe. 5. What is meant by "the Crust of the Earth," and state into what great groups of rocks it has been divided by geologists. 6. Give the chief divisions of the Paleozoic rocks, and mention the more important economical substances obtained from them in England. 7. Give the names of the oldest rocks in which the remains of Fishes, Reptiles, and Mammals have been hitherto recognised. 8. Define cleavage, foliation, and lamination as applied to rock structures. 9. What are the chief physical characters of the rock materials usually selected for road-making? Give examples of rocks so used. 10. How would you distinguish a limestone from a sandstone ? 11. Name the principal varieties of Coal, and state the difference between those used for gas and steam purposes. 12. Name any fossils by which you would distinguish the Paleozoic from the Mesozoic rocks. 13. Under what geological conditions may a supply of water at a moderate depth be expected. 14. State the conditions necessary for a boring for an Artesian well to be successful, and illustrate the same by a diagram. 15. How are Igneous rocks nsually distinguished from Aqueous rocks? 16. What are the agencies by which rocks or building stones are likely to be weathered or disintegrated? |